Nutrition: A lifespan approach

Nutrition: A Lifespan Approach......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 14
1.1 The lifespan approach to nutrition......Page 15
1.2.2 Overnutrition......Page 16
1.2.3.2 The metabolic response to trauma......Page 18
1.2.3.3 Compromised supply and deficiency......Page 20
1.2.3.4 Malnutrition......Page 21
1.2.4 Classical balance studies......Page 22
1.3 Nutrition requirements change across the lifespan......Page 24
1.4 Assessment of nutritional status......Page 25
1.4.2.1 Indirect measures......Page 26
1.4.2.2 Direct measures......Page 27
1.4.3 Biomarkers of nutritional status......Page 29
1.5 Dietary reference values......Page 30
1.5.1 The UK dietary reference value system......Page 31
1.5.2 Dietary reference values in other countries......Page 33
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2.1.1 The endocrine control of female reproduction......Page 38
2.2.1.3 Polycystic ovary syndrome......Page 39
2.2.2 Importance of body fat......Page 40
2.2.3 Role of leptin......Page 41
2.2.4 Antioxidant nutrients......Page 42
2.2.5 Caffeine and alcohol......Page 44
2.3.1 Determinants of fertility and infertility......Page 46
2.3.3 Diabetes......Page 48
2.3.5 Zinc......Page 49
2.3.6 Antioxidant nutrients......Page 50
2.3.8.1 Phthalates......Page 51
2.3.8.3 Pesticides......Page 52
2.4.1 Why prepare for pregnancy?......Page 53
2.4.2 Vitamin A and liver......Page 54
2.4.3 Folic acid and neural tube defects......Page 55
2.4.3.1 Supplementation with folic acid......Page 56
2.4.3.2 Fortification with folic acid......Page 57
3.1 Introduction......Page 61
3.2 Physiological demands of pregnancy......Page 62
3.2.2 Blood volume expansion and cardiovascular changes......Page 63
3.2.4 Respiratory changes......Page 64
3.2.6 Metabolic adaptations......Page 65
3.3.1 Energy, protein, and lipids......Page 66
3.3.2.1 Iron......Page 68
3.3.2.2 Calcium and other minerals......Page 69
3.3.2.3 Vitamin D......Page 70
3.4.1 Miscarriage and stillbirth......Page 71
3.4.2.1 Pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy weight gain......Page 72
3.4.2.2 Alcohol and caffeine consumption......Page 73
3.4.3.1 The etiology of PE......Page 74
3.4.4 Abnormal labor......Page 76
3.5.1 NVP as a normal physiological process......Page 77
3.5.2 Hyperemesis gravidarum......Page 79
3.6.1 Pica......Page 80
3.7 Gastrointestinal disturbances in pregnancy......Page 81
3.8.1 Gestational diabetes......Page 82
3.8.2 Multiple pregnancies......Page 83
3.8.3 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders......Page 85
4.2.1 The concept of programming......Page 89
4.2.2 Fetal programming and human disease......Page 90
4.3.1 Epidemiology......Page 93
4.3.2 Criticisms of the programming hypothesis......Page 95
4.3.3 Experimental studies......Page 96
4.3.3.3 Macronutrients......Page 97
4.4.1 Thrifty phenotypes and genotypes......Page 99
4.4.3 Tissue remodeling......Page 101
4.4.4 Endocrine imbalance......Page 103
4.4.5 Nutrient–gene interactions......Page 104
4.4.6 Epigenetic regulation......Page 106
4.5.2 Trans-generational transmission of disease risk......Page 107
5.2.1.3 The lactiferous sinuses......Page 113
5.2.1.5 The rooting reflex......Page 114
5.2.2.2 Time of day......Page 115
5.2.2.5 Origins of milk fats......Page 116
5.2.2.6 Milk proteins......Page 117
5.2.3.2 Established lactation......Page 118
5.2.4 Maintenance of lactation......Page 119
5.2.5 Nutritional demands of lactation......Page 120
5.3.1 Advantages for the mother......Page 121
5.3.2 Advantages for the infant......Page 123
5.4 Trends in breast-feeding behavior......Page 126
5.4.1 Reasons why women do not breast-feed......Page 128
5.4.2 Promoting breast-feeding......Page 129
5.5 Situations in which breast-feeding is not advised......Page 131
5.6.1 Cow’s milk formulas......Page 132
5.6.1.1 Milk stages and follow-on milk......Page 133
5.6.2 Preterm formulas......Page 134
5.6.5 Other formulas......Page 135
6.2.1 The key developmental milestones......Page 138
6.2.2.1 Macronutrients and energy......Page 140
6.2.2.2 Micronutrients......Page 142
6.2.4 Transition to an adult pattern of food intake......Page 143
6.2.4.1 Weaning......Page 144
6.2.4.2 Nutrition-related problems......Page 146
6.2.4.3 Barriers to healthy nutrition......Page 148
6.3.2 School meals and the promotion of healthy eating......Page 153
6.3.3 The importance of breakfast......Page 154
6.4.1 The rising prevalence of obesity......Page 155
6.4.2 The causes of obesity in childhood......Page 156
6.4.2.2 Food intake......Page 157
6.4.2.3 Genetic disorders......Page 160
6.4.3 The consequences of childhood obesity......Page 161
6.4.3.2 Tracking of obesity: consequences for the future......Page 162
6.4.4 Treatment of childhood obesity......Page 164
6.4.5 Prevention of childhood obesity......Page 166
7.2.1 Growth rate......Page 172
7.2.3 Puberty and sexual maturation......Page 173
7.2.4 Bone growth......Page 177
7.3 Psychosocial development......Page 179
7.4.1 Macronutrients and energy......Page 180
7.4.2 Micronutrients......Page 181
7.5 Nutritional intakes in adolescence......Page 182
7.5.1 Factors that influence food choice......Page 183
7.5.2 Food consumed out of the home......Page 184
7.5.3 Meal skipping and snacking......Page 185
7.6.2 The vegetarian teenager......Page 186
7.6.3 Sport and physical activity......Page 187
7.6.4.1 Anorexia nervosa......Page 188
7.6.5 The pregnant teenager......Page 190
7.6.6 Alcohol......Page 192
7.6.7 Tobacco smoking......Page 194
7.6.8 Drug abuse......Page 195
8.2 Changing needs for nutrients......Page 199
8.3 Guidelines for healthy nutrition......Page 200
8.4.1.2 Prevalence and trends in obesity......Page 203
8.4.1.3 Causes of obesity in adulthood......Page 204
8.4.1.4 Treatment of obesity......Page 205
8.4.2 Type 2 diabetes......Page 206
8.4.3 The metabolic syndrome......Page 209
8.4.4.1 What is cardiovascular disease?......Page 210
8.4.4.3 Nutrition-related factors and risk of cardiovascular disease......Page 213
8.4.5.1 What is cancer?......Page 221
8.4.5.2 Diet is the main determinant of cancer risk......Page 222
8.4.5.3 Nutritional epidemiology and cancer......Page 223
8.4.5.4 Dietary factors that may promote cancer......Page 227
8.4.5.5 Dietary factors that may reduce cancer risk......Page 231
9.2 The aging population......Page 241
9.3.2 Mechanisms of cellular senescence......Page 242
9.3.2.1 Oxidative senescence......Page 244
9.3.2.4 The INK4a/ARF axis......Page 245
9.3.3.1 Caloric restriction and lifespan......Page 246
9.3.3.3 Supplementary antioxidants......Page 247
9.4.3 Specific guidelines for the elderly......Page 248
9.5.1 Malnutrition and the elderly......Page 249
9.5.2 Poverty......Page 250
9.5.4 Education......Page 251
9.5.6 Combating malnutrition in the elderly......Page 252
9.6.1.1 Bone mineralization and remodeling......Page 253
9.6.1.3 Risk factors for osteoporosis......Page 255
9.6.1.4 Dietary interventions for osteoporosis prevention......Page 256
9.6.2 Immunity and infection......Page 258
9.6.3.1 Mouth and esophagus......Page 259
9.6.3.4 Large intestine......Page 260
9.6.4 Anemia......Page 261
9.6.4.2 Vitamin B12 deficiency......Page 262
9.6.4.4 Cognitive impairment and anemia......Page 263
10.1 Introduction......Page 268
10.2 The individual response to variation in food intake......Page 269
10.2.1 Genes may determine food intake......Page 270
10.2.1.3 Regulation of taste......Page 271
10.2.3 Nutritional regulation of gene expression......Page 272
10.3.1 Nutrigenomics......Page 274
10.3.2 Proteomics......Page 275
10.4.1 Obesity......Page 277
10.4.2 Cardiovascular disease......Page 278
10.4.3 Cancer......Page 279
10.5 Nutrient–gene interactions—a lifespan approach......Page 280
10.6 The future of nutritional advice?......Page 282
Glossary of Terms......Page 285
Index......Page 305