Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and Typological Perspectives

Nominalization in Asian Languages......Page 2
Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
LCC data......Page 5
Michael Noonan......Page 6
Table of contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
References......Page 15
Acknowledgment to reviewers......Page 16
List of contributors......Page 18
1. Introduction......Page 20
2.1 Participant vs. event nominalization......Page 22
2.2 Lexical vs. clausal nominalization......Page 24
2.3 Embedded vs. non-embedded nominalization......Page 26
3.1 Morphological nominalization......Page 28
3.2 Zero nominalization......Page 32
3.3.1 Case markers......Page 33
3.3.2 Demonstratives and other definiteness markers......Page 35
3.3.3 Possessive pronouns......Page 38
3.3.4 Plural markers......Page 39
3.3.5 Classifiers......Page 40
3.4 Focusing strategies using marked argument structure......Page 41
3.5 A closer look at the Austronesian strategy......Page 43
4. Referential and non-referential uses of nominalization constructions......Page 45
4.1 Nominalization and relativization......Page 46
4.2 Nominalization and tense-aspect-mood marking......Page 52
4.3 Nominalization and stance marking......Page 57
4.4 Nominalization and clausal subordination......Page 63
5. Conclusion and future directions......Page 68
Acknowledgments......Page 69
References......Page 70
Part I Sinitic languages......Page 78
1. Introduction......Page 80
2. The development of agent nominalizer zhe......Page 81
2.1 Zhe as a light noun......Page 82
2.2 Zhe as a derivational nominalizer......Page 83
2.3 From light noun to clausal nominalizer......Page 84
2.4 Rise and fall of adnominal uses of zhe......Page 88
2.5 Rise and fall of possessee pronominal zhe......Page 91
2.6 Subordinating functions of zhe......Page 92
2.7 Sentence final mood particle uses of zhe......Page 95
2.8 Summary on the development of zhe......Page 96
3. The development of patient nominalizer suo......Page 97
3.1 Suo as locative noun......Page 98
3.2 From light noun to patient nominalizer......Page 100
3.3.1 Temporal and conditional subordinator suo......Page 105
3.3.2 Manner, means and reason marker suo yi......Page 106
3.3.3 Purposive complementizer suo yi......Page 107
3.4 Possessee pronominal and genitive suo......Page 108
3.5.1 From copula wei to case-marker and passive marker wei......Page 111
3.5.3 Passive-wei constructions with suo......Page 114
3.6 Summary......Page 116
4. Some general observations......Page 118
Acknowledgments......Page 122
References......Page 123
1. Introduction......Page 128
2. Typological features of the language......Page 130
3.1 kai as a classifier......Page 131
3.2 kai in adnominal functions......Page 132
3.3 kai as a pronominal......Page 134
3.4.1 Nominalizing derivatives......Page 136
3.4.2 Nominalization with kai......Page 137
3.5 kai as a stance marker......Page 139
4. Grammaticalization of kai......Page 140
5. Conclusion......Page 141
References......Page 142
1. Introduction......Page 144
2.1.1 modifier-ge3] -noun......Page 147
2.1.2 modifier–ge3]- Ø (nominal)......Page 151
2.1.3 Conditionals and contrastive topic clauses......Page 152
2.2.1 Assertive-ge3......Page 154
2.2.3 Interaction between assertive-ge3 and predicative-ge3......Page 155
3. Similarities between conditionals, contrastive topic clauses 
and assertive sentences......Page 157
4.1 Ge3 and gam2......Page 159
4.2 Gam2 and demonstratives......Page 161
4.3 Ge3 as a defective indexical......Page 162
5. Conclusions......Page 163
Reference......Page 164
1. Introduction......Page 166
2. Genitive agent nominals......Page 168
4. Relativation of idiomatic expressions......Page 171
5. Verbless de expressions......Page 173
6. Internal de expressions......Page 174
References......Page 177
References......Page 210
1. Introduction......Page 182
2. Typological Overview......Page 187
3. Clausal nominalization......Page 189
3.1 Complementation......Page 191
3.2 Adverbial and medial clauses......Page 193
3.3 Relative clauses and nominal complement clauses......Page 195
3.4 Non-embedded nominalizations......Page 197
4.1 The derivation of lexical adjectives......Page 200
4.2 Derivation of nouns......Page 204
Abbreviations......Page 209
1. Tamangic languages......Page 214
2.1 Interclausal relations in proto-Tamangic......Page 215
2.2 Constructions with nominalizers......Page 217
2.2.2 Non-relative attributive nominals......Page 218
2.2.3 Agent and patient nominals......Page 220
3.1 The genitive with adnominals......Page 221
3.1.1 The use of the genitive in the modern languages......Page 222
3.1.2 Evaluation and discussion......Page 223
3.2.1 The development of the anterior nominalization of Chantyal......Page 224
3.2.3 Adnominal tense contrast in Dhankute Tamang......Page 225
3.3 New nominalizers......Page 226
3.3.2 Nar-Phu -ne......Page 227
3.4 Periphrastic constructions with nominalizers......Page 228
4. Summary......Page 229
References......Page 230
1. Introduction......Page 234
2. Magar typological sketch......Page 236
3. Elaboration of nominalizers......Page 237
3.1 Nominalizer -ke......Page 238
3.2 Nominalizer -m%......Page 240
3.3 Nominalizer -o......Page 242
3.4 Nominalizer -cyo......Page 244
3.5 Nominalizer me-......Page 246
4.1 Extension of the nominalizer -ke......Page 248
4.2 Extension of the nominalizer -m%......Page 250
4.3 Extension of the erstwhile nominalizer -o......Page 252
4.4 Extension of the nominalizer -cyo......Page 256
4.5 Extension of the nominalizer me-......Page 258
5. Elimination of nominalizers......Page 260
6. Cross-linguistic context......Page 261
Abbreviations......Page 270
References......Page 271
1. Introduction......Page 274
2. Theoretical-typological preliminary......Page 275
3. Grammatical sketch......Page 276
4.1 Zero-nominalization......Page 281
4.2 Marked nominalization......Page 282
5. Nominalization-based constructions......Page 283
5.1 Nominalized clauses......Page 284
5.1.1.1 Event (action) nominalizations......Page 285
5.1.2 “Gapped” nominalized clauses......Page 286
5.1.3 Secondary nominalized clauses......Page 290
5.2.1 “Framing” and “backgrounding” clausal nominalization......Page 291
5.2.2 “Final” clausal nominalization......Page 293
5.2.3 Cleft/focus constructions......Page 296
6. Looking further......Page 297
6.1 Diachronic origins of Galo nominalizers......Page 298
6.2 Diachronic extensions of Galo nominalizations......Page 299
6.3 Relevant non-nominalization-based constructions in Galo......Page 300
7. Conclusion......Page 302
Abbreviations......Page 303
References......Page 304
1. Introduction......Page 308
2. Numhpuk Singpho......Page 310
3. Overview of nominalization in Numhpuk Singpho......Page 312
4. Nominalizer: Hpa......Page 313
5. Clausal nominalization......Page 318
6. Conclusion......Page 327
References......Page 328
Nominalization in Nuosu Yi......Page 332
1. Introduction......Page 333
2.1.2 Abstract-noun nominalization......Page 334
2.2 Nominalization of predicates......Page 335
3. Nominalization by the definiteness marker......Page 338
3.1 Gerundives......Page 340
3.2 Relative clauses......Page 341
3.3 Stand-alone nominalization/focus clause......Page 350
4. Nominalization by the complementizer ko33......Page 353
4.1 Verb complementation clauses with ko33......Page 354
4.2 Nominalization of clauses with ko33......Page 355
5. Conclusion......Page 358
References......Page 359
1. Introduction......Page 362
2. Phenomenon......Page 363
3. Three case studies......Page 364
3.1.1 A recently-innovated finite construction......Page 365
3.1.2 New perfects......Page 367
3.2 Kuki-Chin: Reconstructing a nominalized clause construction......Page 368
4. The evidence of final particles......Page 371
4.1 Classical Tibetan......Page 372
4.2 Lolo-Burmese......Page 373
5. Summary......Page 374
References......Page 376
Part III Iranian languages......Page 380
1. Introduction......Page 382
2. The Ezafe in Northern Kurdish......Page 383
2.1 The Ezafe in adnominal linking constructions......Page 384
2.2 The demonstrative/anaphoric function of the Ezafe......Page 386
2.3 The Tense Ezafe......Page 389
3. The Ezafe in Modern Persian......Page 395
4. The forerunners to the Ezafe in Old Iranian: The relative pronoun hypothesis......Page 402
5. Summary and conclusion......Page 405
Abbreviations......Page 407
References......Page 408
Part IV Korean and Japanese languages......Page 410
1. Introduction......Page 412
2.1 Nominalizers in history......Page 413
2.2 Nominalizers in Modern Korean......Page 414
3.1 Referring functions......Page 416
3.2.1 Regular sentential endings......Page 418
3.2.2 Bullet-point’ sentential endings......Page 421
4. Speaker-stance marking......Page 423
4.1 Speaker-stance......Page 424
4.2.1 ci-endings: -ci, -ciyo, and -cyo......Page 425
4.2.2 kes-endings......Page 430
4.3.1 ci: Emphasis and friendliness......Page 432
4.3.2 kes: Emphasis, Conviction, Intention and Commitment......Page 435
5. Conclusion......Page 438
References......Page 439
1. Introduction......Page 442
2. sa derivatives in modern Japanese......Page 444
3.1 Old Japanese (8th century)......Page 446
3.2 Early Middle Japanese (9th–12th century)......Page 448
3.3 Late Middle Japanese (13th–17th century)......Page 449
3.4 Summary......Page 450
5. Stance-marking nominalization in other (East) Asian languages......Page 451
6.1 Some theoretical prerequisites......Page 453
6.2 Chantyal......Page 454
6.3.1 no......Page 455
6.3.3 Inflectional nominalization......Page 456
6.4 Korean......Page 457
6.6 Classical and Lhasa Tibetan......Page 458
7. Some consequences......Page 459
References......Page 460
1. Introduction......Page 464
2.1 Old Japanese rentaikei and the rise of the Early Modern nominalizer no......Page 465
2.2 Okinawan rentaikei; Okinawan si......Page 470
2.3 Okinawan rentaikei and Okinawan si in natural spoken discourse......Page 474
3.1 Yap et al.’s cross-linguistic path......Page 476
3.3 Developmental paths of genitives......Page 478
3.4 Stance marking......Page 481
4. Rentaikei in a cross-linguistic context......Page 484
5. Conclusion......Page 487
Abbreviations......Page 488
1. Introduction......Page 492
2.1 Revisiting Horie’s (1993a, b) analyses of Japanese and Korean HIRs......Page 494
2.2 Continuum of complex clauses and head-internal relatives......Page 498
3. Further manifestation of constructional versatility: Sentence-final nominalizations in Japanese and Korean......Page 502
4. Differential degrees of preference for nominal structure between Japanese and Korean......Page 505
4.1 Attributive and conjunctive verb forms in Japanese and Korean: Categorial and functional differences......Page 506
4.2 Differential tendencies toward noun-oriented structure......Page 509
5. Conclusion......Page 511
References......Page 512
Part V Austronesian languages......Page 516
1. Introduction......Page 518
2. The =ay form......Page 522
2.1 Pattern 1: Action modifier......Page 523
2.2 Pattern 2: Property modifier......Page 524
2.3 Pattern 3: Action reference......Page 526
2.4 Pattern 4: Adverbial subordinate clauses......Page 527
2.5 Interim summary......Page 528
3.1 One analytical problem......Page 530
3.2 Two types......Page 532
3.3 Lexical -an nominals: Agent nominalization......Page 535
3.4 Interim summary......Page 537
Appendices......Page 539
References......Page 540
1. Introduction......Page 542
2. A grammatical sketch of Budai......Page 545
3. Nominalization, relativization and its nominality......Page 550
4.1 Evidence of a verbal category......Page 560
4.2 Evidence of other verbal categories......Page 564
5. Clausal nominalization vs. lexical nominalization......Page 570
6. Concluding remarks......Page 573
References......Page 575
1. Introduction......Page 580
2.1 Types of nominalization......Page 583
2.2 Lexical nominalization forming names of an argument......Page 584
2.3 Functions of nominalization......Page 587
2.4 Lexical nominalization vs. syntactic nominalization......Page 590
3. Futurity/perfectivity, lexical nominalization 
and syntactic nominalization......Page 592
3.1 Functions and semantic development of Ca- and ka-......Page 593
3.2.1 Functions of -in-......Page 598
3.2.2 Infix -in- as resultative......Page 601
4. Conclusion......Page 603
References......Page 605
1. Articles and referentiality......Page 608
2. Fall of referentiality: The usage of Tagalog ang......Page 611
2.2 Verb-predicate clauses......Page 614
2.3 Copular clauses......Page 615
2.3.1 Predicational clauses......Page 616
2.3.2 Specificational clauses......Page 617
2.3.3 Pseudocleft clauses......Page 623
2.4 Complement clauses......Page 626
2.5 Parentheticals......Page 627
2.6 Exclamatives......Page 628
2.7 Development from referential to non-referential uses......Page 630
3. Rise of referentiality: The usage of Tagalog yung......Page 631
3.1 Referential and non-referential uses of yung......Page 632
3.2 Carried-over and expanded functions of yung......Page 633
4.1 Corpus-based approach to ang and yung......Page 635
4.2 Renewal and expansion in the Tagalog article system......Page 637
5.1 Bikol ang and su......Page 638
5.2 Ilokano ti and diay......Page 640
5.3 Summary......Page 641
6. Conclusions......Page 642
References......Page 643
1. Introduction......Page 646
2. Nominalizer yang......Page 648
3. Nominalizer -nya......Page 656
4. Nominalizer punya: A case of language contact......Page 663
5. Semantic niches of yang, -nya and punya......Page 669
6. Conclusion......Page 672
Abbreviations......Page 673
References......Page 674
1. Introduction......Page 678
2. Malagasy exclamatives......Page 680
3. The nominal status of Malagasy exclamatives......Page 684
3.1 Cross-linguistic considerations......Page 687
3.2 Syntactic evidence......Page 690
3.3 The internal structure of nominal exclamatives......Page 692
4. Localizing the exclamative force......Page 695
References......Page 700
1. Introduction......Page 704
2.1 Background......Page 705
2.2 Nominalizers in the LMM languages......Page 708
2.2.1 Longgu......Page 709
2.2.2 Arosi......Page 710
2.2.3 Ulawa......Page 711
2.2.5 Marau......Page 712
2.2.7 Kwaio......Page 713
2.2.9 Lau......Page 714
2.2.11 Interim summary......Page 716
3.1 Grammatical background......Page 717
3.2 The basic structure of nominalizations......Page 720
3.3 Double nominalizations......Page 725
3.4 The use of nominalizations with a stance function......Page 729
3.5 Cognate nominalization and cognate relativization......Page 731
4. Summary......Page 735
Abbreviations......Page 736
References......Page 737
1. Introduction......Page 740
2.1 The exclamative-existential connection......Page 744
2.2 Synchronic properties of Tagalog exclamatives......Page 751
2.3 The generalization of *ka- to a multifunctional exclamative in Austronesian......Page 755
2.4 Split nominal features in exclamatives......Page 756
2.5 Summary: Austronesian exclamatives......Page 758
3.1 Morphology and syntax......Page 759
3.2 Split nominal features in temporal adjuncts......Page 763
4. Conclusion......Page 767
References......Page 769
Appendix 1. Austronesian languages......Page 773
Part VI Papuan languages......Page 774
1. Introduction......Page 776
2. Abui and its speakers......Page 778
2.2 Typological profile......Page 779
3. Functions of Abui demonstratives......Page 780
3.1.1 Spatial location of the referent......Page 781
3.1.2 Discourse location of the referent......Page 782
3.1.3 Noun-modifying constructions (NMC)......Page 785
3.1.4 Interim summary......Page 786
3.2.1 Spatial location of an event......Page 787
3.2.2 Temporal location of an event......Page 788
3.3.1 Subordination markers......Page 790
3.3.2 Evidentiality......Page 791
3.3.3 Assertion......Page 792
3.4 Summary......Page 795
4. Functions of the marker ba......Page 796
4.1.1 Topic marker......Page 797
4.1.2 Noun-modifying construction......Page 798
4.2.1 Quotative marker......Page 799
4.3.1 Simultaneous linker......Page 800
4.3.3 Reportative evidential marker......Page 801
5. Conclusion......Page 803
References......Page 805
Index......Page 808
Language index......Page 814