Next Generation Wireless Terahertz Communication Networks

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Editor Biographies
Contributor Biographies
Preface
	Terahertz Communication Networks
	Intended Audience
	Organization of the Book
	Note
Chapter 1 The Meeting Point of Terahertz Communications, Sensing, and Localization
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 THz Communications
		1.2.1 Use Cases for THz Communications
		1.2.2 Challenges and Solutions
		1.2.3 A Model of the THz Communications System
	1.3 THz Sensing and Imaging
	1.4 THz Localization
		1.4.1 Time of Arrival Ranging
		1.4.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) Ranging
		1.4.3 Received Signal Strength (RSS) Ranging
		1.4.4 Angle of Arrival (AoA) Ranging
		1.4.5 Localization Using THz Signals
	1.5 Implementation Aspects
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
Part I Terahertz Transceiver and Devices
	Chapter 2 Terahertz Communications With Resonant Tunnelling Diodes: Status and Perspectives
		Acronyms and Symbols
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Need for High-Speed Wireless Connectivity
			2.1.2 Increasing the Speed of Wireless Transmission
			2.1.3 Challenges to Realising THz Communications
			2.1.4 Link Budget and Antennas
			2.1.5 Enabling Technologies for THz Communications: Electronic and Photonic
			2.1.6 Photonic-Based THz Sources
			2.1.7 Electronic Transmitters
		2.2 Resonant Tunnelling Diode Technology
			2.2.1 RTD Device Technology
			2.2.2 RTD Device Modelling and Design
			2.2.3 RTD Oscillator Design
		2.3 THz RTD Oscillators
			2.3.1 Overview
			2.3.2 RTD Oscillators Up To 300 GHz
			2.3.3 RTD Oscillators Above 300 GHz
			2.3.4 Other THz RTD Oscillators
		2.4 THz RTD Detectors
			2.4.1 Overview and General Working Principles
		2.5 RTD-based THz Wireless Communication
			2.5.1 Overview
			2.5.2 Wireless System Architecture
			2.5.3 THz RTD Transmitters
			2.5.4 THz RTD Receivers
			2.5.5 All-RTD THz Transceivers
		2.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgements
		Appendix A
		References
	Chapter 3 Characterisation of Emitters and Detectors
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Metrology Definitions and Parameters
		3.3 Emitter Frequency and Spectrum
			3.3.1 Heterodyne Frequency Measurements
			3.3.2 Interferometric Spectral Measurements
		3.4 Emitter Power
			3.4.1 Types of Power Measurement Devices, Their Operation and Properties
			3.4.2 Issues in Power Measurements
		3.5 Emitter Beam Profile
			3.5.1 Characterisation of Emitter Beam Profiles
			3.5.2 Intensity Profile Mapping
			3.5.3 Field Profile Mapping
		3.6 Detector Responsivity
		3.7 Detector Acceptance
		References
Part II Terahertz Channel Characteristics and Modelling
	Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Interference Modelling By Stochastic Geometry in THz Networks
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Brief Background On Stochastic Geometry
		4.3 THz Band Propagation
			4.3.1 Free Space Path Loss
			4.3.2 Molecular Absorption Loss
			4.3.3 Multipath Propagation
			4.3.4 Signal Blockage By Objects
			4.3.5 Beam Misalignment
			4.3.6 Received Power and SINR
		4.4 Interference in THz Networks
			4.4.1 Interference Modeling By Stochastic Geometry
			4.4.2 System Model
			4.4.3 The Aggregate Interference
			4.4.4 Directional Antennas
			4.4.5 Moments of the Interference
			4.4.6 Numerical Examples
		4.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 5 Terahertz Communication Channel Characteristics and Measurements
		5.1 An Overview of THz Communication Channels
		5.2 Related Works
		5.3 mm-Wave Versus THz Channels
		5.4 Motivation for THz Channelization and Measurements
		5.5 The Terahertz Channelization Scenarios
			5.5.1 Large-Scale THz Statistics
			5.5.2 Small-Scale THz Statistics
				5.5.2.1 Outdoor THz Channel Characterization
				5.5.2.2 THz Indoor Channel Characterization
				5.5.2.3 THz Chip-To-Chip Channel Characterization
				5.5.2.4 THz Channel Characteristics in Nano Communications
		5.6 THz Channel Measurement Metrics
			5.6.1 THz Antenna Measurement
			5.6.2 THz Channel Distance Measurement
			5.6.3 THz Channel Spectrum Capacity
			5.6.4 THz Channel Dynamic Range
			5.6.5 THz Doppler Frequency Characteristics
		5.7 Methodologies of THz Channel Measurement
			5.7.1 Reflection and Diffraction Measurements
			5.7.2 Spatial THz Channel Measurement
			5.7.3 Measurement of Broadband Characteristics
			5.7.4 MIMO THz Channel Measurements
			5.7.5 THz Intra-Device Channel Measurement
		5.8 THz Channel Measurement Versus Channel Analysis
		5.9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6 An Overview of the Terahertz Communication Networks and LOS and NLOS Propagation Techniques
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Concepts of Terahertz Communication
		6.3 Terahertz’s Communication Fiber Optics
		6.4 Wireless Terahertz Communication Networks
		6.5 THz LOS and NLOS Propagation Techniques
			6.5.1 LOS (Line of Sight)
			6.5.2 nLOS (Near Line of Sight)
			6.5.3 NLOS (Non-Line of Sight)
		6.6 Scientific Review
		6.7 Discussion
		6.8 Challenges in Using THz Technology
		6.9 Conclusion
		6.10 Future Trends
		References
Part III Terahertz Antenna Design
	Chapter 7 Advancement in Terahertz Antenna Design and Their Performance
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 THz Communication
		7.3 THz Sources
		7.4 THz Antennas
			7.4.1 Planar Antennas and Arrays
			7.4.2 Reflectarrays
			7.4.3 Lens Antennas
			7.4.4 Horn Antennas
			7.4.5 CNT Antennas
			7.4.6 Graphene Antennas
		7.5 Promising Material for THz Antenna
		7.6 Fabrication of THz Antennas
		7.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8 Antenna Misalignment and Blockage in THz Communications
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Antenna Misalignment
			8.2.1 Antenna Misalignment Modeling and Impact Assessment in THz Wireless Systems
				8.2.1.1 Gaussian Distributed Beamsteering Errors
				8.2.1.2 Two-Dimensional Gaussian Shaking of a Single Node
				8.2.1.3 Wind Vibration Antenna Misalignment Model
			8.2.2 Beam Misalignment Mitigation Approaches
				8.2.2.1 Beam-Tracking
				8.2.2.2 Relaying
		8.3 Blockage
			8.3.1 Blockage Types and Models
			8.3.2 Statistical Characterization
				8.3.2.1 Urban Outdoor Micro-Cellular Model
				8.3.2.2 Random Shape Theory-Based Model
				8.3.2.3 LoS Ball Model 1
				8.3.2.4 LoS Ball Model 2
			8.3.3 Blockage Mitigation Approaches
				8.3.3.1 Coordinated Multipoint
				8.3.3.2 Reflected Links
		8.4 Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 9 Hybrid Beamforming in Wireless Terahertz Communications
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Basics and Ergodic Capacity Analysis of Hybrid Beamforming in THz Wireless Systems
			9.2.1 System Model
				9.2.1.1 Hybrid Beamforming Architecture
				9.2.1.2 THz Channel Model
			9.2.2 Analysis of Ergodic Capacity
			9.2.3 Numerical Results
		9.3 Frequency Selective Hybrid Beamforming in Wideband THz Wireless Systems
			9.3.1 Statistical Eigen Scheme With Digital Compensation Beamforming
				9.3.1.1 Analog Beamforming Design
				9.3.1.2 Digital Beamforming Design
			9.3.2 Multiuser Hybrid Beamforming
			9.3.3 Distance-Aware Multi-Carrier Modulation
		9.4 Summary
		References
	Chapter 10 Ultra-Massive MIMO in THz Communications: Concepts, Challenges and Applications
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 MIMO Gigahertz to Terahertz Era
			10.2.1 Related Works
		10.3 Ultra-Massive MIMO Communications
			10.3.1 Dynamic UM-MIMO
			10.3.2 Multi-Band UM-MIMO
		10.4 UM-MIMO in THz Band
			10.4.1 UM-MIMO Channel Condition
			10.4.2 Graphene-Enabled Terahertz-Band
		10.5 Plasmonic Nano-Antenna Array
			10.5.1 Antenna Miniaturization
			10.5.2 Antenna Integration
			10.5.3 Antenna Feeding and Control
		10.6 UM-MIMO Signal Processing
			10.6.1 Hybrid Beamforming
			10.6.2 Spatial Modulation
			10.6.3 Multi-Carrier Configuration and Control
		10.7 UM-MIMO System Challenges
			10.7.1 Fabrication of Plasmonic Nano-Antenna Arrays
			10.7.2 UM-MIMO Channel Modeling
			10.7.3 Network Layer Design
		10.8 Ultra-Massive MIMO Array of Sub-Array Design
		10.9 UM-MIMO Applications
			10.9.1 5G Backhaul
			10.9.2 Medical UWB Imaging
			10.9.3 Ultra-Dense Wireless Networks
			10.9.4 Indoor UWB
		10.10 Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 11 Design of Passive Components for Microwave Photonics-Based Millimetre Wave Systems
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Unit Radiating Cell Or Antenna
			11.2.1 Patch Antenna
			11.2.2 Coupling of Microstrip Antenna
			11.2.3 Antenna Efficiency
			11.2.4 Antenna Directivity and Gain
			11.2.5 Antenna Bandwidth
		11.3 Phased Array Theory
			11.3.1 Array Factor of Linear Array
			11.3.2 Grating Lobes
			11.3.3 Scan Blindness
			11.3.4 Planar Array
		11.4 Millimetre Wave Generation and Phase Shifting Techniques
			11.4.1 Sub-THz Signal Generation Using Microwave Photonic (MWP) Techniques
				11.4.1.1 Microwave Photonic Systems
				11.4.1.2 Photonics-Based Phase Shifters for Millimetre-Wave Applications
		11.5 A Millimetre-Wave Antenna Design Based On BCB Deposition
			11.5.1 Design of a Unit Cell
			11.5.2 Design of the One-Dimensional Antenna Array
			11.5.3 Design of Two-Dimensional Array
			11.5.4 Biasing Structure
		11.6 Via-Less Planar Interconnect for Integrated Circuits On InP
			11.6.1 Via-Less Planar Technology for InP
			11.6.2 Microstrip to Rectangular Waveguide Transition
		11.7 Conclusions
		Notes
Part IV Terahertz Links, Application, and Deployment
	Chapter 12 Terahertz Band Intersatellite Communication Links
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Intersatellite Communications Links
		12.3 Terahertz Band Communications
			12.3.1 Comparison With Other Technologies
				12.3.1.1 Millimeter Wave Band Communication
				12.3.1.2 Free-Space Optical Communication
			12.3.2 Terahertz Band Intersatellite Links
		12.4 Link Budget Analysis
			12.4.1 Terahertz Propagation in Space
				12.4.1.1 Loss in Terahertz Frequencies
				12.4.1.2 System Noise
			12.4.2 Geostationary Earth Orbit-To-Geostationary Earth Orbit Links
			12.4.3 Low-Earth Orbit CubeSat Links
		12.5 Future Research Directions
			12.5.1 Terahertz Ultra-Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output
			12.5.2 5G and Beyond 5G Satellite Networks
			12.5.3 Internet of Space Things
			12.5.4 Hybrid Space–Air Network
		12.6 Challenges
			12.6.1 High Path Loss
			12.6.2 Interference
			12.6.3 Space Debris
			12.6.4 Doppler Spread
			12.6.5 Device Linearity
		12.7 Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		Notes
	Chapter 13 Terahertz Front End Technology and Deployment for Ultra-High Capacity Links
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 MMIC and Antenna Technology for THz Links
			13.2.1 THz Power Amplifiers
			13.2.2 THz Low-Noise Amplifiers
			13.2.3 Mixers
			13.2.4 THz Antennas
		13.3 Sub-Assembly, Transition and Packaging
		13.4 Challenges in the THz Propagation
		13.5 Network Design and Performances for Ultracapacity Distribution
			13.5.1 Specifications
			13.5.2 Architecture
			13.5.3 Capacity
			13.5.4 Latency
		13.6 Future Concepts Beyond 5G
			13.6.1 The Future of THz Networks
			13.6.2 Configurations and Optimisation
		13.7 Conclusions
		Notes
	Chapter 14 Terahertz Waveguides for Next Generation Communication Network: Needs, Challenges and Perspectives
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Applications of THz Waveguides/Fibers for Communication
			14.2.1 Telecommunication Applications
			14.2.2 Data Centers
			14.2.3 Vehicular Communication and Distributed Antennas/Sensors
			14.2.4 Transmission of Uncompressed Ultra-High-Definition Videos
			14.2.5 Intra/Inter-Chip Communications
		14.3 Challenges and Important Parameters of THz Waveguides
			14.3.1 Losses
			14.3.2 Excitation Efficiency
			14.3.3 Dispersion
			14.3.4 Flexibility, Bending Losses, and Fabrication Considerations
		14.4 Types of Waveguides
			14.4.1 Metallic Waveguides
				14.4.1.1 Single-Wire and Two-Wire Waveguides
				14.4.1.2 Metallic Parallel Plate Waveguides
			14.4.2 Dielectric Waveguides
				14.4.2.1 Hollow-Core Dielectric Waveguides
				14.4.2.2 Porous Core Dielectric Waveguides
				14.4.2.3 Solid Core Subwavelength Dielectric Waveguides
		14.5 THz Waveguides as Communications Devices
			14.5.1 Dispersion Compensation Waveguides
			14.5.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing With Metallic Parallel-Plate Waveguides
			14.5.3 Couplers, Splitters, and Add-Drop Multiplexers
		14.6 Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 15 NextGen Granular Resource Management in the THz Spectrum for Indoor and Outdoor Mobile Deployment
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Heading to a Chaotic Future
			15.1.2 THz Spectrum: Framing the Solution Space
			15.1.3 Our Contribution and Outline
		15.2 THz Resources
			15.2.1 Need for Granular Resource Management
			15.2.2 Fixed Resources
			15.2.3 Varying Resources
			15.2.4 Imposed Constraints
		15.3 THz Resource Management Schemes
			15.3.1 Scheme A: Mobility
			15.3.2 Scheme B: Verticals
			15.3.3 Scheme C: Granular Identification
		15.4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		Notes
	Chapter 16 Smart Terahertz Wireless Communication Zones
		16.1 Introduction
			16.1.1 IoT-based Smart City
			16.1.2 Smart Communication Zones
			16.1.3 Terahertz Communication Opportunities Versus Challenges
			16.1.4 Outline
		16.2 State-of-the-Art in Terahertz Wireless Communication
			16.2.1 Transceiver Hardware Design
			16.2.2 Channel Properties
			16.2.3 Physical Layer Techniques
		16.3 Terahertz Wireless Channel Modeling and Characterization
			16.3.1 Basic Channel Properties
				16.3.1.1 Spreading Loss
				16.3.1.2 Absorption Loss
				16.3.1.3 Sky Noise
				16.3.1.4 Molecular Absorption Noise
			16.3.2 Multi-ray Channel Model
				16.3.2.1 Reflected Wave
				16.3.2.2 Diffracted Wave
				16.3.2.3 Scattered Wave
			16.3.3 LOS and NLOS Characterization
		16.4 Signal Processing Design and Multiantenna Techniques for Spectral Efficiency Enhancement
			16.4.1 Modulation Schemes
				16.4.1.1 Pulse-based Modulation
				16.4.1.2 Distance-Aware Multi-Carrier Modulation
			16.4.2 Coding Schemes
				16.4.2.1 Error Preventing Codes
				16.4.2.2 Minimum Energy Coding
				16.4.2.3 Minimum Energy Source Coding
			16.4.3 MIMO Schemes
				16.4.3.1 Adaptive Beamforming
				16.4.3.2 Multiplexing
		16.5 Optimal Cooperation Over Shorter Links for Enhancing the QoE for High Data Rate Applications
			16.5.1 Medium Access Control
			16.5.2 Cooperation Among Nodes
			16.5.3 Relaying
		16.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Directions
			16.6.1 Deeper Channel Investigations
			16.6.2 Communication Techniques
			16.6.3 Cooperation and Relaying
			16.6.4 Security Concerns
		References
	Chapter 17 Integration Frameworks for THz Wireless Technologies in Data Centre Networks
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 The Need for Terahertz Technology
			17.1.2 Background
			17.1.3 Comparison With Related Works
			17.1.4 Assumptions
		17.2 Integration Frameworks for THz Wireless Links in a Software-Defined Network
			17.2.1 A Hardware Control System for THz Wireless Links
			17.2.2 OpenFlow Implementation
			17.2.3 P4 Implementation
			17.2.4 NETCONF
			17.2.5 Summary
		17.3 THz Network Function Virtualization
			17.3.1 Topology Discovery
			17.3.2 Real-Time Features: Time Division Multiple Access
			17.3.3 THz Routing, Load Balancing and Fail-Over
		17.4 Conclusions
			17.4.1 Future Research Directions and Challenges
		References
Index