Natural hazards: earth's processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes

Cover
Overview
Title
Copyright
About the Authors
Preface
Brief Contents
Contents (direct page links)
1. Introduction to Natural Hazards
	Intro
	1.1 Why Studying Natural Hazards Is Important
		Processes: Internal and External
		Hazard, Disaster, or Catastrophe
		Death and Damage Caused by Natural Hazards
	1.2 The Role of History in Understanding Hazards
	1.3 The Geologic Cycle
		The Tectonic Cycle
		The Rock Cycle
		The Hydrologic Cycle
		Biogeochemical Cycles
	1.4 Fundamental Concepts for Understanding Natural Processes as Hazards
		1 Science helps us predict hazards
			Science and Natural Hazards
			Hazards Are Natural Processes
			Forecast, Prediction, and Warning of Hazardous Events
		2 Knowing hazard risks can help people make decisions
			Risk as a Concept
			Risk Management
		3 Linkages exist between natural hazards
		4 Humans can turn disastrous events into catastrophes
			Examples of Disasters in Densely Populated Areas
			Population Growth as a Factor in Hazards
			Magnitude and Frequency of Hazardous Events
		5 Consequences of hazards can be minimized
			Reactive Response: Impact of and Recovery from Disasters
			Anticipatory Response: Avoiding and Adjusting to Hazards
			CASE STUDY 1.1 Professional Profile: Professor Robert Bea, University of California, Berkeley
	1.5 Many Hazards Provide a Natural Service Function
	1.6 Global Climate Change and Hazards
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
2. Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics
	Intro
	2.1 Internal Structure of Earth
	2.2 Plate Tectonics
		Movement of the Tectonic Plates
		Types of Plate Boundaries
		Rates of Plate Motion
	2.3 A Detailed Look at Seafloor Spreading
		Paleomagnetism
		Hot Spots
	2.4 Pangaea and Present Continents
	2.5 How Plate Tectonics Works: Putting It Together
	2.6 Plate Tectonics and Hazards
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
3. Earthquakes
	Intro
	3.1 Introduction to Earthquakes
		Faults and Faulting
	3.2 The Earthquake Processes
		The Earthquake Cycle
		Seismic Waves
		Tectonic Creep and Slow Earthquakes
		CASE STUDY 3.1 2015 Nepal (Gorkha) Earthquake: Forecasting a Catastrophe
	3.3 Earthquake Shaking
		Earthquake Magnitude
		Earthquake Intensity
		Depth of Focus
		Direction of Rupture
		Distance to the Epicenter
		Local Geologic Conditions
		CASE STUDY 3.2 Earthquake Catastrophes: Lessons Learned
	3.4 Geographic Regions at Risk from Earthquakes
		Plate Boundary Earthquakes
		Intraplate Earthquakes
		CASE STUDY 3.3 Survivor Story: Magnitude 8.8 Earthquake and Tsunami on the Coast of Chile
	3.5 Effects of Earthquakes and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
		Shaking and Ground Rupture
		CASE STUDY 3.4 The Denali Fault Earthquake: Estimating Potential Ground Rupture Pays Off
		Liquefaction
		Regional Changes in Land Elevation
		Landslides
		Fires
		Disease
	3.6 Natural Service Functions of Earthquakes
		Groundwater and Energy Resources
		Mineral Resources
		Landform Development
		Future Earthquake Hazard Reduction
	3.7 Human Interaction with Earthquakes
		Earthquakes Caused by Human Activity
	3.8 Minimizing the Earthquake Hazard
		The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program
		Estimation of Seismic Risk
		Short-Term Prediction
		CASE STUDY 3.5 A Closer Look: Paleoseismic Earthquake Hazard Evaluation
		The Future of Earthquake Prediction
		Earthquake Warning Systems
	3.9 Perception of and Adjustment to the Earthquake Hazard
		Perception of the Earthquake Hazard
		CASE STUDY 3.6 Professional Profile: Andrea Donnellan, Earthquake Forecaster
		Community Adjustments to the Earthquake Hazard
		Personal Adjustments: Before, During, and After an Earthquake
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
4. Tsunamis
	Intro
	4.1 Introduction to Tsunamis
		How Do Earthquakes Cause a Tsunami?
		CASE STUDY 4.1 Survivor Story: Tsunami in the Lowest Country on Earth
		How Do Landslides Cause a Tsunami?
	4.2 Geographic Regions at Risk from Tsunamis
		CASE STUDY 4.2 Indonesian Tsunami
		Tsunami Three Centuries Ago
	4.3 Effects of Tsunamis and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
	4.4 Natural Service Functions of Tsunamis
	4.5 Human Interaction with Tsunamis
	4.6 Minimizing the Tsunami Hazard
		Detection and Warning
		Structural Control
		Tsunami Runup Maps
		Land Use
		Probability Analysis
		Education
		Tsunami-Ready Status
	4.7 Perception and Personal Adjustment to Tsunami Hazard
		CASE STUDY 4.3 Professional Profile: Jose Borrero—Tsunami Scientist
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
5. Volcanoes
	Intro
	5.1 Introduction to Volcanism
		How and Where Magma Forms
		Magma Properties
	5.2 Volcano Types, Formation, and Eruptive Behavior
	5.3 Geographic Regions at Risk from Volcanoes
	5.4 Effects of Volcanoes
		Lava Flows
		Pyroclastic Activity
		CASE STUDY 5.1 Mount Unzen
		Volcanic Gases
		Debris Flows, Mudflows, and Volcanic landslides
		CASE STUDY 5.2 Volcanic Landslides and Tsunamis
		CASE STUDY 5.3 Mount St. Helens 1980–2010: From Lateral Blasts to Lava Flows
	5.5 Linkages between Volcanoes and Other Natural Hazards
	5.6 Natural Service Functions of Volcanoes
		Volcanic Soils
		Geothermal Power
		Mineral Resources
		Recreation
		Creation of New Land
	5.7 Human Interactions with Volcanoes
	5.8 Minimizing the Volcanic Hazard
		Forecasting
		CASE STUDY 5.4 Professional Profile: Chris Eisinger, Student of Active Volcanoes
		Volcanic Alert or Warning
	5.9 Perception of and Adjustment to the Volcanic Hazard
		Perception of Volcanic Hazards
		Adjustments to Volcanic Hazards
		Attempts to Control Lava Flows
		CASE STUDY 5.5 Survivor Story: A Close Call with Mount St. Helens
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
6. Flooding
	Intro
	6.1 An Introduction to Rivers
		Earth Material Transported by Rivers
		River Velocity, Discharge, Erosion, and Sediment Deposition
		Channel Patterns and Floodplain Formation
	6.2 Flooding
		Introduction
		Magnitude and Frequency of Floods
		Flash Floods of Zone 1
		Downstream Floods of Zone 2
		CASE STUDY 6.1 Survivor Story: Flash Flood
		CASE STUDY 6.2 Mississippi River Floods of 1973–2008: Zone 2 Floods
		Downstream Floods of Zone 3: Alluvial Fans and Deltas
		CASE STUDY 6.3 Flooding on the Delta of the Ventura River
		Megafloods
	6.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for River Flooding
	6.4 Effects of Flooding and Linkages between Floods and Other Hazards
	6.5 Natural Service Functions of Floods
		Water Resources and Flooding
		Fertile Lands
		Riparian and Aquatic Ecosystems
		Sediment Supply
		CASE STUDY 6.4 Experimental Floods on the Colorado River
	6.6 Human Interaction with Flooding
		Land-Use Changes
		Dam Construction
		Urbanization and Flooding
	6.7 Minimizing the Flood Hazard: Structural Control to Floodplain Management
		The Structural Approach
		Social Media and Flood Damage Mediation
	6.8 Perception of the Flood Hazard
		Personal Adjustment: What To Do and What Not To Do
		CASE STUDY 6.5 Professional Profile: Nicholas Pinter, Southern Illinois University then U.C. Davis in California
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
7. Mass Wasting
	Intro
	7.1 An Introduction to Landslides
		Slope Processes
		Types of Landslides
		Forces on Slopes
		CASE STUDY 7.1 A Closer Look: Forces on Slopes
		CASE STUDY 7.2 Portuguese Bend, California
		Snow Avalanches
	7.2 Geographic Regions at Risk from Landslides
	7.3 Effects of Landslides and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
		Effects of Landslides
		Linkages between Landslides and Other Natural Hazards
		CASE STUDY 7.3 2014 Oso Landslide, Washington
		CASE STUDY 7.4 Survivor Story: Landslide in Colorado
		CASE STUDY 7.5 Professional Profile: Bob Rasely, Mass Wasting Specialist
	7.4 Natural Service Functions of Landslides
	7.5 Human Interaction with Landslides
		Timber Harvesting and Landslides
		Urbanization and Landslides
		CASE STUDY 7.6 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
	7.6 Minimizing the Landslide Hazard
		Identifying Potential Landslides
		Preventing Landslides
		Landslide Warning Systems
	7.7 Perception of and Adjustment to the Landslide Hazard
		Perception of the Landslide Hazard
		Adjustment to the Landslide Hazard
		Personal Adjustments: What You Can Do to Minimize Your Landslide Hazard
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
8. Subsidence and Soils
	Intro
	8.1 Soil and Hazards
		Soil Horizons
		Soil Color
		Soil Texture
		Relative Soil Profile Development
		Water in Soils
		Classifying Soils
		Soil Erosion as a Hazard
		CASE STUDY 8.1 Haiti and Soil Erosion
	8.2 Introduction to Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
		Karst Formation
		Thermokarst Formation
		Sediment and Soil Compaction
		CASE STUDY 8.2 Survivor Story: Sinkhole Drains Lake
		CASE STUDY 8.3 Mississippi River Delta Subsidence
		Earthquakes
		Underground Drainage of Magma
		Expansive Soils
		Frost-Susceptible Soils
	8.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
	8.4 Effects of Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
		Sinkhole Damage
		Changes in Groundwater Conditions
		Damage Caused by Melting Permafrost
		Coastal Flooding and Loss of Wetlands
		Damage Caused by Soil Volume Change
	8.5 Linkages between Subsidence, Soil Volume Change, and Other Natural Hazards
	8.6 Natural Service Functions of Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
		Water Supply
		Aesthetic and Scientific Resources
		Unique Ecosystems
	8.7 Human Interaction with Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
		Fluid Withdrawal
		Underground Mining
		Melting Permafrost
		Restricting Deltaic Sedimentation
		Altering Surface Drainage
		Poor Landscaping Practices
		CASE STUDY 8.4 Professional Profile: Helen Delano, Environmental Geologist
	8.8 Minimizing Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
	8.9 Perception of and Adjustment to Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
		Perception of Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
		Adjustment to Subsidence and Soil Volume Change
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
9. Atmospheric Processes and Severe Weather
	Intro
	9.1 Energy
		Types of Energy
		Heat Transfer
	9.2 Earth’s Energy Balance
		Electromagnetic Energy
		Energy Behavior
	9.3 The Atmosphere
		Composition of the Atmosphere
		Structure of the Atmosphere
	9.4 Weather Processes
		Atmospheric Pressure and Circulation
		Unstable Air
		CASE STUDY 9.1 A Closer Look: Coriolis Effect
		Fronts
	9.5 Hazardous Weather and Geographic Regions at Risk
		Thunderstorms
		CASE STUDY 9.2 Professional Profile: Sarah Tessendorf, Severe Storm Meteorologist
		Tornadoes
		CASE STUDY 9.3 Survivor Story: Struck by Lightning
		CASE STUDY 9.4 Tri-State Tornado
		Blizzards and Ice Storms
		CASE STUDY 9.5 The Great Northeastern Ice Storm of 1998
		Fog
		Drought
		Mountain Windstorms
		Dust Storms and Sandstorms
		Heat Waves
	9.6 Human Interaction with Weather
		CASE STUDY 9.6 Europe’s Hottest Summer in More Than 500 Years
		Lessons Learned
		Prospects for the Future
	9.7 Linkages with Other Hazards
	9.8 Natural Service Functions of Severe Weather
	9.9 Minimizing Severe Weather Hazards
		Forecasting and Predicting Weather Hazards
		Adjustment to the Severe Weather Hazard
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
10. Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones
	Intro
	10.1 Introduction to Cyclones
		Classifying Cyclones
		Naming Cyclones
	10.2 Cyclone Development and Movement
		Tropical Cyclones
		CASE STUDY 10.1 A Closer Look: North Atlantic Oscillation
		Extratropical Cyclones
		CASE STUDY 10.2 Hurricane Katrina: “The most anticipated natural disaster in American history”
		CASE STUDY 10.3 Survivor Story: Hurricane Katrina
	10.3 Geographic Regions at Risk for Cyclones
	10.4 Effects of Cyclones
		Storm Surge
		High Winds
		Heavy Rains
	10.5 Linkages between Cyclones and Other Natural Hazards
	10.6 Natural Service Functions of Cyclones
	10.7 Human Interaction with Cyclones
	10.8 Minimizing the Effects of Cyclones
		Forecasts and Warnings
		CASE STUDY 10.4 Professional Profile: The Hurricane Hunters
		CASE STUDY 10.5 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Record Breaking
	10.9 Perception of and Adjustment to Cyclones
		Perception of Cyclones
		Adjustment to Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
11. Coastal Hazards
	Intro
	11.1 Introduction to Coastal Hazards
	11.2 Coastal Processes
		Waves
		Beach Form and Processes
	11.3 Sea-Level Change
	11.4 Geographic Regions at Risk from Coastal Hazards
	11.5 Effects of Coastal Processes
		Rip Currents
		CASE STUDY 11.1 Survivor Story: Rip Current: Two Experienced Swimmers Rescued on Florida Beach
		Coastal Erosion
	11.6 Linkages between Coastal Processes and Other Natural Hazards
	11.7 Natural Service Functions of Coastal Processes
	11.8 Human Interaction with Coastal Processes
		The Atlantic Coast
		CASE STUDY 11.2 Maryland Barrier Islands
		The Gulf Coast
		The Pacific Coast
		The Great Lakes
		Canadian Seacoasts
	11.9 Minimizing the Effects of Coastal Hazards
		Hard Stabilization
		Soft Stabilization
	11.10 Perception of and Adjustment to Coastal Hazards
		Perception of Coastal Hazards
		Adjustment and Management of Coastal Hazards
		CASE STUDY 11.3 The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
		CASE STUDY 11.4 Pointe du Hoc, France
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
12. Climate Change and Natural Hazards
	Intro
	12.1 Global Change and Earth System Science: An Overview
	12.2 Climate and Weather
		Climate Zones
	12.3 The Atmosphere and the Cryosphere
		Atmospheric Composition
		Hydrosphere and Cryosphere
	12.4 How We Study Past Climate Change and Make Predictions
		Global Climate Models
	12.5 Global Warming
		The Greenhouse Effect
		Global Temperature Change
		Why Does Climate Change?
		Solar Forcing
		Volcanic Forcing
		Anthropogenic Forcing
	12.6 Effects of Climate Change
		Glaciers and Sea Ice
		CASE STUDY 12.1 Loss of Glacial Ice in Antarctica
		Climate Patterns and Meteorological Hazards
		Sea-Level Rise
		CASE STUDY 12.2 Disappearing Islands: Tuvalu, South Pacific
		Wildfires
		Landslide Hazard
		Volcanic, Earthquake, and Tsunami Hazards
		Changes in the Biosphere
	12.7 Predicting the Future Climate
		What Does Our Recent History Tell Us about Potential Consequences of Future Global Warming?
		Predicting Future Climate Is Problematic
	12.8 Strategies for Reducing the Impact of Global Warming
		Abrupt Climate Change
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
13. Wildfires
	Intro
	13.1 Introduction to Wildfire
		CASE STUDY 13.1 Wildfires in the U.S. Southwest, Colorado, Arizona and California
	13.2 Wildfire as a Process
		Fire Environment
		Types of Fires
	13.3 Geographic Regions at Risk from Wildfires
	13.4 Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
		Effects on the Geologic Environment
		Effects on the Atmospheric Environment
		Linkages with Climate Change
		Effects on the Biological Environment
	13.5 Natural Service Functions of Wildfires
		Benefits to Soil
		Benefits to Plants and Animals
	13.6 Minimizing the Wildfire Hazard
		Fire Management
	13.7 Perception of and Adjustment to the Wildfire Hazard
		Perception of the Wildfire Hazard
		Adjustments to the Wildfire Hazard
		Personal Adjustment to the Fire Hazard
		CASE STUDY 13.2 Survivor Story: Elderly Couple Survives Wildfire by Jumping into a Neighbor’s Swimming Pool
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
14. Impacts and Extinctions
	Intro
	14.1 Earth’s Place in Space
		Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Comets
	14.2 Airbursts and Impacts
		CASE STUDY 14.1 The Tunguska Event
		Impact Craters
		Uniformitarianism, Gradualism, and Catastrophism
	14.3 Mass Extinctions
		CASE STUDY 14.2 K-Pg Boundary Mass Extinction
		CASE STUDY 14.3 Impact and Mass Extinction 12,800 Years Ago
		CASE STUDY 14.4 Professional Profile: Emeritus Professor James Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara
	14.4 Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
	14.5 Minimizing the Impact Hazard
		Risk Related to Impacts
		Minimizing the Impact Hazard
		Applying the 5 Fundamental Concepts
	Concepts in Review
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
APPENDIXES
	A: Minerals
	B: Rocks
	C: Maps and Related Topics
	D: How Geologists Determine Geologic Time
Glossary
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Index (direct page links)
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