Nanoscopy and Nanospectroscopy

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Theory of Light Scattering and Applications
	1.1 Raman Spectroscopy
		1.1.1 Classical and Quantum Theory
			1.1.1.1 Selection Rules for IR Absorption and Raman Scattering
			1.1.1.2 Mutual Exclusion Principle
			1.1.1.3 Classical Theory of Raman Scattering
		1.1.2 Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation
		1.1.3 Raman and IR Techniques: A Comparison
			1.1.3.1 Characteristic or Fingerprint Spectra
		1.1.4 Elementary Lattice Dynamics in the Context of Vibrational Spectroscopy
		1.1.5 An Introduction to Factor Group Analysis to Determine the Phonon Irreducible Representations of Crystalline Solids
			1.1.5.1 Example 1: Carbon Tetrachloride
			1.1.5.2 Example 2
		1.1.6 Factor Group Analysis Using Adams and Newton\'s Tables
			1.1.6.1 Example 1: Zr(WO[sub(4)])[sub(2)]
			1.1.6.2 Example 2: NaZr[sub(2)](PO[sub(4)])[sub(3)]
			1.1.6.3 Example 3: ZrO[sub(2)]
			1.1.6.4 Example 4: Al[sub(2)](WO[sub(4)])[sub(3)]
			1.1.6.5 Example 5: Zn(CN)[sub(2)]
		1.1.7 Special Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy
			1.1.7.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
			1.1.7.2 UV Raman Spectroscopy
	1.2 Acoustic Phonon Confinement
		1.2.1 Lamb\'s Equation and Its Solutions
		1.2.2 Acoustic Modes and Determination of Size and Shape
		1.2.3 Radial Breathing Mode (RBM)
		1.2.4 Bosonic Mode (Spin Wave)
	References
Chapter 2 Plasmonic and Optical Confinement
	2.1 Introduction to Surface Plasmon Resonance
		2.1.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
		2.1.2 Propagating Surface Plasmon Resonance
		2.1.3 Relaxation Process of Surface Plasmon Excitations
	2.2 Application of SPR
		2.2.1 Plasmon Enhanced-Optical Sensor
			2.2.1.1 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Based Sensor
			2.2.1.2 Plasmonic Sensor Based on Kretschmann Configuration
			2.2.1.3 Colloidal Particle-Based Plasmonic Sensor
		2.2.2 Plasmon-Based Photocatalysis
		2.2.3 Plasmonic in Photovoltaic Application
		2.2.4 Plasmonic Photothermal Application
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Dielectric and Metallodielectric Nanophotonics and Optical Confinement
	3.1 Introduction to Photonic Bandgap
		3.1.1 Photonic Crystal
		3.1.2 Origin of Photonic Bandgap
	3.2 Confinement of Light by Micro- and Nano-Cavities
		3.2.1 Cavity Confinement of Light
		3.2.2 Anderson Localization of Light
		3.2.3 Chiral Light-Matter Interactions in Optical Resonators
	3.3 Confinement of Light by Hybrid Nanostructures
		3.3.1 Sub-Wavelength Confinement in Dielectric-Metal Wedges and Grooves
		3.3.2 Exciton–Plasmon Interactions in Metal-Semiconductor Nanostructures
		3.3.3 Hybrid Metal-Dielectric Nanostructures
		3.3.4 Far-Field Optical Hyperlens for the Magnification of Nanostructures in the Sub-Diffraction Regime
	3.4 The Effect of Dielectric Contrast in the Optical Confinement
	3.5 Confinement of Light in an Optical Fiber with a Sub-Wavelength Air Core
	3.6 Optical Metamaterials
		3.6.1 Introduction
		3.6.2 Electric Metamaterials
		3.6.3 Magnetic Metamaterials
		3.6.4 Negative-Index Metamaterials (NIMs)
		3.6.5 Nonlinear Optics with Metamaterials
			3.6.5.1 BaTiO[sub(3)] Nanoparticles-Based Nonlinear Metasurfaces
		3.6.6 Recent Advances and Applications
			3.6.6.1 Wavefront and Ultrafast Pulse Shaping
			3.6.6.2 Tunable Optical Metamaterials
			3.6.6.3 Cloaking
	References
Chapter 4 Optical Nanoscopy
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Near-Field Optics and Evanescent Wave
		4.2.1 Transmission and Diffraction of Light Through a Sub-Wavelength Aperture
		4.2.2 Surface Plasmon Polaritons: Super-Lensing
	4.3 Instrumentation Involved in Nanoscopy
		4.3.1 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy: Scattering and Apertured Type Probes
		4.3.2 Super-Resolution Imaging: Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy and Photoactivated Localization Microscopy
	4.4 Applications of Nanoscopy
		4.4.1 Near-Field Optical Imaging of Coupled Plasmon–Phonon Polaritons
		4.4.2 Imaging of SPPs Generated by the 2D Plasmon
		4.4.3 Near-Field Optical Lithography
		4.4.4 Bio-Imaging
	References
Chapter 5 Far-Field Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Mechanism Behind Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
		5.2.1 Suitable Materials for the Application in SERS
		5.2.2 SERS Enhancement Factors
			5.2.2.1 The Local Field Intensity Enhancement
			5.2.2.2 The Radiation Enhancement
			5.2.2.3 The Chemical Enhancement
		5.2.3 Surface Selection Rules
		5.2.4 Experimental Determination of the SERS Enhancements
	5.3 Commonly Used and Promising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrates
		5.3.1 Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles
		5.3.2 Self-Assembled Metal Nanoparticles
		5.3.3 Coated Metal Nanoparticles
		5.3.4 Single Hot-Spots
		5.3.5 Nanorattles
		5.3.6 Leaning Nanopillars
	5.4 Important Applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
		5.4.1 SERS-Nanotags
		5.4.2 Chemosensors
		5.4.3 Quantitative Analysis with SERS
		5.4.4 SERS with Remote Excitation
		5.4.5 SERS of Biofluids
		5.4.6 Application of SERS in Detecting Genetic Material
		5.4.7 Application of SERS in Detecting Biomarkers
		5.4.8 SERS of Globular Proteins
		5.4.9 SERS of Membrane Proteins
		5.4.10 Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells with SERS
		5.4.11 SERS of Extracellular Vesicles
		5.4.12 Detection of Toxins in Food by SERS
		5.4.13 Probing Nutrients in Food by SERS
		5.4.14 SERS-Based Investigation to Determine the Quality of Water and Drinks
	5.5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Chapter 6 Near-Field Nanospectroscopy and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS)
	6.1 TERS: Basics, History, Applications, and Prospects
		References
	6.2 Development of TERS Instrumentation and Methodology
		6.2.1 Transmission (Bottom) Illumination/Collection
		6.2.2 Top Illumination/Collection
		6.2.3 Side Illumination/Collection
		6.2.4 More Exotic Illumination/Collection Schemes
		6.2.5 TERS Probes
		6.2.6 Etched Gold/Silver Wire Probes
		6.2.7 TERS Imaging Methodology
		References
	6.3 Development of TERS Instrumentation: Pushing the Limits and Expanding the Applications
		6.3.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Based TERS Study
			6.3.1.1 Dual Scan AFMs
			6.3.1.2 Steering Mirror
			6.3.1.3 Objective Scanner
		References
		6.3.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)-Based TERS Measurements
			6.3.2.1 Introduction to the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
			6.3.2.2 Early Efforts to Combine TERS with the STM
			6.3.2.3 Optimizing the STM Tip for TERS
			6.3.2.4 Single-Molecule STM-TERS
		References
		6.3.3 TERS Study in Vacuum: HV and UHV
		References
		6.3.4 Low-Temperature UHV-TERS for Submolecular Resolution
		References
	6.4 TERS Study
		6.4.1 TERS Characterization of Inorganic Materials
			6.4.1.1 Strained Silicon
			6.4.1.2 MoO[sub(3)]
			6.4.1.3 MXenes
			6.4.1.4 Quantum Dots
			6.4.1.5 Vertical and Lateral Heterostructures of TMDs
		References
		6.4.2 TERS Characterization of Molecular Switching in Organic Devices
			6.4.2.1 Potential/Input from the TERS Technique
			6.4.2.2 Description of the Molecular Device and TERS Measurement
			6.4.2.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
		6.4.3 Bio-TERS
			6.4.3.1 Introduction
			6.4.3.2 Spectral Complexity of Proteins
			6.4.3.3 TERS for DNA and RNA Sequencing
			6.4.3.4 TERS of Bacteria
			6.4.3.5 TERS of Viruses
			6.4.3.6 From Point Spectra Toward Nanoscale TERS Imaging of Whole Cells
		References
		6.4.4 Application of TERS to Heterogenous Catalytic Systems
			6.4.4.1 Plasmon-Driven Photocatalysis
			6.4.4.2 Bimetallic Catalysts
			6.4.4.3 Organometallic Phthalocyanine Catalysts
			6.4.4.4 Fluid Cracking Catalyst (FCC) Particles
		References
		6.4.5 Exciton-Enhanced Nanoscale Second-Harmonic Generation and Imaging of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Stacking
			6.4.5.1 Introduction
			6.4.5.2 Exciton-Enhanced Nano-SHG Results
			6.4.5.3 Future and Outlook
		References
	6.5 Tip-Enhanced Photoluminescence (TEPL) Spectroscopy
		6.5.1 Light-Matter Interactions and Excitons in Semiconductors
		6.5.2 Quantum Emitters (Single Molecules and Semiconductor Quantum Dots)
		6.5.3 1D Semiconductor Nanowires and Nanotubes
		6.5.4 2D Semiconductors
		References
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Directions
Index