Nanocosmetics (Emerging Materials and Technologies)

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Cosmetics Science and Skin Care: History and Concepts
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Tracing Cosmetics Through the Lens of History
		1.2.1 Cosmetics in the Pre-Historic Era up to the Middle Ages
		1.2.2 Cosmetics in the Modern age and the Present Times
	1.3 Key Areas of Cosmetic Care
		1.3.1 Cleansers and Moisturizers
		1.3.2 Facial Cosmetics
		1.3.3 Skin Lightening Agents
		1.3.4 Improving Skin Texture
		1.3.5 Skin Moisturization
		1.3.6 Enhancing Anti-aging Action
		1.3.7 Eye-Based Cosmetics
		1.3.8 Lip-Based Cosmetics
		1.3.9 Nail-Based Cosmetics
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Transdermal Drug Absorption: Mathematical Modelling
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDD): Overview
	2.3 Summary of Skin Structure
		2.3.1 The Epidermis
		2.3.2 The Dermis
		2.3.3 The Hypodermis
		2.3.4 Routes of Drug Penetration Across Skin
	2.4 Kinetics of Transdermal Absorption
	2.5 Mathematical Modelling
		2.5.1 Models before 1990s
		2.5.2 Initial Quantitative Models
		2.5.3 Fickian Models
		2.5.4 Non-Fickian Models
		2.5.5 Other Models
	2.6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Chapter 3 Nanocosmetics-Principle and Classification
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Why Nanotechnology in Cosmetics?
	3.3 Classification of Nanocosmetics
		3.3.1 Nano-Emulsion Systems
		3.3.2 Nanosomal Systems
			3.3.2.1 Liposomes
			3.3.2.2 Elastic Liposomes
			3.3.2.3 Ethosomes
			3.3.2.4 Cubosomes
			3.3.2.5 Niosomes and Novasomes
			3.3.2.6 Polymersomes, Ultrasomes, and Photosomes
			3.3.2.7 Other Nanosomal Systems
		3.3.3 Nanopigments
		3.3.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
		3.3.5 Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Cosmetics
		3.3.6 Nanofibres and Nanohydrogels
		3.3.7 Cosmetics Containing Nanogold and Nanosilver
		3.3.8 Cosmetics Containing Metal Oxides
		3.3.9 Dendrimers and Nanocrystals
		3.3.10 Carbon based Nanoparticles
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Approaches for Administration of Nanocosmetics
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Topical Delivery System of Nanocosmetics
		4.2.1 Skin Care
			4.2.1.1 Sunscreens
			4.2.1.2 Antiaging Creams
			4.2.1.3 Moisturizers
			4.2.1.4 Skin Cleanser
		4.2.2 Lip Care
		4.2.3 Hair Care
		4.2.4. Nail Care
		4.2.5 Oral Care
			4.2.5.1 Mouthwash
			4.2.5.2 Toothpaste
	4.3 Transdermal Delivery Systems for Nanocosmetics
	4.4 Novel Technologies for the Development of Transdermal Systems
		4.4.1 Iontophoresis
		4.4.2 Electroporation
		4.4.3 Microneedles
		4.4.4 Microdermabrasion
		4.4.5 Bioactive Nanocarriers
			4.4.5.1 Liposomes
			4.4.5.2 Nanoemulsions
			4.4.5.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
			4.4.5.4 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Fabrication of Nanocosmetics
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nanomaterials in Cosmetics
	5.3 Fabrication Methods of Organic Nanoparticles
		5.3.1 Lipid and Surfactant-Derived Nanoparticles
			5.3.1.1 Vesicular Nanoparticles
			5.3.1.2 Non-Vesicular Nanoparticles
		5.3.2 Polymeric Nanoparticle
			5.3.2.1 Solvent Evaporation Method
			5.3.2.2 Nanoprecipitation
			5.3.2.3 Emulsification-solvent Diffusion Method
			5.3.2.4 Emulsification Reverse-Salting-Out
		5.3.3 Nanocrystals
			5.3.3.1 Top-down Approach: Milling and High-pressure Homogenization
			5.3.3.2 Bottom-up Techniques: Emulsion Method and Spray Drying
	5.4 A Fabrication Method of Inorganic Nanoparticles
		5.4.1 Carbon-based Nanoparticles
			5.4.1.1 Top-down Methods
			5.4.1.2 Bottom-up Methods
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of Nano-Cosmetics
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Microscopic Techniques
	6.3 In Vitro Tests
		6.3.1 Validated in Vitro Tests
			6.3.1.1 Challenges of Skin Irritation Test
			6.3.1.2 Skin Corrosion Testing via TER (Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance)
			6.3.1.3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (NRPT)
			6.3.1.4 Implementation of Franz cell for Dermal Absorption Measurements
		6.3.2 Non-validated in Vitro Approaches
			6.3.2.1 Screening of Eye Corrosives and Severe Irritants By
			6.3.2.2 Tests for Sensitivity Screening via a Reduced LLNA (Local Lymph node Assay)
		6.3.3 Infiltration
	6.4 Accumulation and Transposition
	6.5 Cytocompatibility
	6.6 In vitro Study on Cellular Stress
		6.6.1 Oxidative Stress
		6.6.2 Inaflmmation
		6.6.3 Mutagenicity/Genotoxicity
	6.7 In vivo Methods
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Liposomal Drug-delivery System in Cosmetics
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Liposomes as Delivery Systems of Cosmetic Active Molecules
	7.3 Lipid-based Delivery Systems for Cosmeceuticals
	7.4 Liposomal Delivery Systems in Cosmetic: Advantages and Disadvantages
	7.5 Lipid-Based Delivery Systems for Cosmetic Applications and other Skin Alterations
		7.5.1 Anti-Aging
		7.5.2 Hair Loss/Androgenic Alopecia
		7.5.3 Antiacne
		7.5.4 Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis, and Skin Inflammation
		7.5.5 Vitiligo
	7.6 Green Cosmetics: The Tendency in Cosmetic Formulations
	7.7 Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Liposomes in Cosmetic Products
	7.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Niosomes as Nanocarrier Systems in Cosmetics
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Types of Niosomes
		8.2.1 Proniosomes
		8.2.2 Deformable/Elastic Niosomes
		8.2.3 Discosomes
		8.2.4 Transfersomes
		8.2.5 Aspasomes
	8.3 Formulation of Niosomes
		8.3.1 Composition of Niosomes
			8.3.1.1 Non-ionic Surfactants
			8.3.1.2 Cholesterol
			8.3.1.3 Charge Inducers
		8.3.2 Factors Influencing Niosome Formation
			8.3.2.1 Gel-Liquid Transition Temperature (Tc) of the Surfactant
			8.3.2.2 Hydration Temperature
			8.3.2.3 Nature of the Encapsulated Agent
		8.3.3 Methods for Manufacturing Niosomes
			8.3.3.1 Thin film Hydration (TFH) or Hand Shaking Method
			8.3.3.2 Ether Injection Method
			8.3.3.3 Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
			8.3.3.4 Trans-Membrane pH Gradient Drug Uptake Process
			8.3.3.5 Emulsion Method
			8.3.3.6 Bubble Method
			8.3.3.7 Heating Method
			8.3.3.8 Microfluidisation Method
			8.3.3.9 Supercritical Reverse phase Evaporation Method
		8.3.4 Characterisation of Niosomes
	8.4 Application of Niosomes in Cosmetics
		8.4.1 Possible Mechanisms for Niosomal Dermal/Transdermal Delivery
		8.4.2 Niosomal Drug Delivery for Treatment of Common Hair/Skin Conditions
			8.4.2.1 Acne
			8.4.2.2 Psoriasis
			8.4.2.3 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff
		8.4.3 Commercial and Patented Cosmetic Products Containing Niosomes
		8.4.4 Recent Advances in the Application of Niosomes in Cosmetics
			8.4.4.1 Niosomal Cosmeceuticals Containing Natural Compounds
			8.4.4.2 Formulation of Specialised Niosomes for Cosmetics
			8.4.4.3 Formulation Strategies for Sustained Release
		8.4.5 Safety Considerations and Regulatory Requirements for Niosome Containing Cosmetic Products
	8.5 Conclusion
Chapter 9 Nanoemulsions as Drug Delivery System in Cosmetology: A Recent Update
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methods of Preparation for Nanoemulsions
		9.2.1 High-Energy Emulsification Methods
			9.2.1.1 High-Pressure Homogenization
			9.2.1.2 Ultrasonication
			9.2.1.3 Microfluidization
		9.2.2 Low-energy Emulsification Methods
			9.2.2.1 Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) Method
			9.2.2.2 Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) Method
			9.2.2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification
	9.3 How Nanoemulsions are Different from Emulsions?
	9.4 Nanoemulsion-Based Cosmetics
		9.4.1 Naturally Derived Nanoemulsion-based Cosmetics
		9.4.2 Synthetically Derived Nanoemulsion-based Cosmetics
		9.4.3 Applications of Nanoemulsions in Cosmeceuticals
		9.4.4 Moisturizers
		9.4.5 Sunscreens
		9.4.6 Antiaging Creams
		9.4.7 Face Cleanser
		9.4.8 Hair Products
		9.4.9 Nanoemulsion-Based wet Wipes
		9.4.10 Lip Care
	9.5 Patented Nanoemulsion Formulations in Cosmetics
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Polymeric Micelles and Dendrimer drug Delivery Systems in Cosmetics
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Fundamentals of Polymeric Micelles and Dendrimers
		10.2.1 Polymeric Micelles
		10.2.2 Dendrimers
	10.3 Applications of Polymeric Micelles (PMs) and Dendrimers in Cosmetics
	10.4 Nanotoxicity
	10.5 Regulatory Aspects
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Nanoparticles Mediated Drug-Delivery System in Cosmetics
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Topical Administration through the Skin
	11.3 Nanomaterials used in the Cosmetics Domain
		11.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		11.3.2 Titanium Oxide and Zinc Oxide based Nanoparticles
		11.3.3 Silver-Based Nanoparticles
		11.3.4 Gold-Based Nanoparticles
	11.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		11.4.1 Chitosan-based Nanoparticles
		11.4.2 Starch-based Nanoparticles
		11.4.3 Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA)-Based Nanoparticles
		11.4.4 Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)-Based Nanoparticles
		11.4.5 Cellulose-Based Nanoparticles
		11.4.6 Nanocapsules
		11.4.7 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
	11.5 Side Effects
	11.6 Future Possibilities for Nano-Cosmeceutical
	References
Chapter 12 Nanosilver and Nanogold Delivery System in Nanocosmetics: A Recent Update
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Metal-based Nanocosmetics: Nanogold (AuNPs) and Nanosilver (AgNPs) Nanoparticles as Cosmeceuticals
		12.2.1 Nanogold (AuNPs) Derived Cosmetic Products
		12.2.2 Nanosilver (AgNPs) Derived Cosmetic Products
	12.3 Characterization of gold and Silver Nanoparticles
		12.3.1 Elemental Analysis
		12.3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
		12.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
		12.3.4 Mass Spectra
		12.3.5 NMR Spectra (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
		12.3.6 Microscopic Techniques
		12.3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		12.3.8 Transmission Microscopy (TEM)
	12.4 Various Methods to Synthesize gold and Silver Nanoparticles
	12.5 Penetration and Absorption of gold and Silver Nanoparticles
		12.5.1 Penetration/Absorption of gold Nanoparticles
		12.5.2 Penetration/Absorption of Silver Nanoparticles
	12.6 Types of Commercially Available Cosmetic Products Containing gold and Silver Nanoparticles
		12.6.1 Skincare Products
		12.6.2 Sunscreens
		12.6.3 Moisturizers
		12.6.4 Skin Cleansers
		12.6.5 Anti-Aging Products
		12.6.6 Gold-Loaded Facial Masks
		12.6.7 Haircare Products
		12.6.8 Eyecare Products
		12.6.9 Lipcare Products
		12.6.10 Breast Care Cream
		12.6.11 Fragrance Related Products
		12.6.12 Nailcare Products
	12.7 Nanotoxicity of Nanocosmeceuticals: An Emerging Problem
		12.7.1 Safety of Nanocosmeceuticals
		12.7.2 Major Considerations to Assess the Safety of Nanomaterials
	12.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 13 Using Nanostructured Materials to Increase Safety and Efficacy of Organic UV Filters
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 UV Radiation and Deleterious Effects
	13.3 Sunscreen Formulations
	13.4 Inorganic UV Filters
	13.5 Organic UV Filters
	13.6 Natural Bioactive Compounds
	13.7 Nanostructure and Nanoparticles Applied in Sunscreen Formulations
	13.8 Encapsulation and Incorporation of Organic UV Filters into Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles
		13.8.1 Liposomes
		13.8.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured lipid Carriers
		13.8.3 Polymeric Nanoencapsulation
		13.8.4 Cyclodextrin Complexation
		13.8.5 Mesoporous Materials
	13.9 Regulatory Aspects of Sunscreen Products and Nanostructured Materials: Efficacy
		13.9.1 Efficacy of Sunscreen Formulations
		13.9.2 Labelling of Sunscreen Products and Nanostructured Materials
	13.10 Safety
		13.10.1 Safety of Sunscreen Products
		13.10.2 Safety Concerns of Nanostructured Materials
	References
Chapter 14 Nanoperfumes as a Fragrance Product
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Nanoperfumes
	14.3 Types of Nanoperfumes
		14.3.1 Nanoemulsion-Based Nanoperfumes
		14.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Nanoperfumes
		14.3.3 Non-Structured Lipid Carriers-based Nanoperfumes
		14.3.4 Polymeric-based Nanoperfumes
	14.4 Excipients used for Nanoformulation
	14.5 Preparation Method of Nanoperfumes
		14.5.1 Phase Inversion Composition Method (PIC)
		14.5.2 Ultrasonic Homogenization Method
		14.5.3 Encapsulation
		14.5.4 NLC and SLNs Based Nanoperfumes Preparation
	14.6 Characterization of Nanoperfumes
		14.6.1 Particle Size and Polydispersity index Analysis
		14.6.2 Zeta Potential
		14.6.3 Determination of Loading efficiency
		14.6.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
		14.6.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
		14.6.6 Oxidative Stress Test
	14.7 Applications
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Lipid Nanoparticles as a Cosmetic Delivery System
	15.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
	15.2 Novel Nanocarrier Systems for Cosmeceuticals
		15.2.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
		15.2.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
		15.2.3 Semi-Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Dispersion Systems
	15.3 Ingredients of Lipid Nanoparticles
		15.3.1 Lipids
		15.3.2 Surfactants
		15.3.3 Other Ingredients
	15.4 Preparation Methods for Lipid Nanoparticles
		15.4.1 High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH) Method
			15.4.1.1 Hot Homogenization Method
			15.4.1.2 Cold Homogenization Method
		15.4.2 High Shear Homogenization (and/or Ultrasonication) Method
		15.4.3 Microemulsion Method
		15.4.4 Double Emulsion (W/O/W) Method
		15.4.5 Solvent Emulsification-Evaporation (Solvent Evaporation)
		15.4.6 Solvent Emulsification-Diffusion Method
		15.4.7 Solvent Injection Method
		15.4.8 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCF) Method
		15.4.9 Membrane Contractor Method
		15.4.10 Electrospraying Method
	15.5 Characterization of Lipid Nanoparticles
	15.6 SLNs, NLCs, and Semi-solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Cosmetic Nanocarriers
	15.7 Cosmetic Applications of Lipid Nanoparticles
		15.7.1 Anticellulite
		15.7.2 Depigmentation Agents
		15.7.3 Antioxidants
		15.7.4 Sun Filters
		15.7.5 Hair Care
	15.8 Commercial Products of Lipid Nanoparticles in the Cosmetics Market
	15.9 Toxicity of Lipid Nanoparticles
	15.10 Regulatory Issues Related to lipid Nanoparticles in terms of Consumer Safety
	15.11 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 16 Regulatory Aspects, Recent Legal Contexts, Consumer Protection and Future Perspectives of Nanocosmetics
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Regulatory Scenario and Associated Legal Contexts of Nanocosmetics in Leading Economies
		16.2.1 Nanocometics in the United States Market
		16.2.2 Nanocosmetics in the European Market
	16.3 Consumer Protection, Associated Health Risks, and Environmental Concerns in Relation to Nanocosmetics
	16.4 Future Perspectives
		16.4.1 Exploring Nanocosmetics Using block Copolymers
		16.4.2 Exploring Photonic Nano-chitin or Nano-lignin-based Natural Colors
		16.4.3 Sustainable waste Management as the Source of Nanocosmetic Material
		16.4.4 Upcoming Generation of Smart Carriers, Bio-fibers, and Bio-skin
		16.4.5 Emerging cold Plasma Therapy as a Platform for Cosmetic Therapy
		16.4.6 Marine Nanocosmetics
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 Safety Assessment of Nanocosmetics
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Toxicity Concerns
	17.3 Nanocosmetic Risk
	17.4 Safety Regulations for Nanocosmetics
	17.5 Guidance to Study the Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Cosmetics
	17.6 Nanomaterials Evaluated by the SCCS
	17.7 In Vitro Methods to Study Nanomaterial Toxicity
	17.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 18 Current Trends and Marketed Products in Nanocosmetics
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Current Trends in Nanocosmetics
		18.2.1 Popularity of Claim-specific Products with Scientific Backing and Encouragement of Critical Feedback
		18.2.2 Marching Forward with SmartLipids: Third Generation of Lipid Carriers
		18.2.3 A Shift from Anti-aging to Anti-pollu-aging Cosmetics
		18.2.4 Strengthened Marketing Strategy
		18.2.5 Expanding Horizons: Cosmotherapy and Cosmeceuticals
	18.3 Marketed Nanocosmetic Products
		18.3.1 Liposomes
		18.3.2 Lipid Nanoparticles
		18.3.3 Niosome
		18.3.4 Inorganic Nanoparticle-based Cosmetics
		18.3.5 Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
		18.3.6 Nanoemulsions
		18.3.7 Other Marketed Nanocosmetics
	18.4 Conclusion
References
Index