Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables

Front Cover......Page 1
Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
ABSTRACT......Page 12
1.1. MYCOTOXINS IN FRUITS......Page 13
1.2. GLOBAL CROPS DISTRIBUTION AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS......Page 21
1.3. GLOBAL RISK MAPS FOR MYCOTOXINS IN FRUITS......Page 25
1.4. SAFETY EVALUATION OF FRUITS......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 32
2.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 38
2.2. TRENDS IN FOOD SAFETY......Page 40
2.3. NEW SITUATIONS WITH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTERS......Page 43
2.4. COMMENTS ON THE CURRENT FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM......Page 49
2.5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
3.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 56
3.2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CONSTITUTION OF MYCOTOXIN REGULATIONS......Page 57
3.3. THE MYCOTOXIN REGULATORY SITUATION......Page 60
3.4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 82
REFERENCES......Page 83
4.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 86
4.2. PATULIN......Page 87
4.3. AFLATOXIN......Page 93
4.4. ALTERNARIA TOXINS......Page 97
4.5. OCHRATOXIN A......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 105
5.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 116
5.3. EVIDENCE FOR MYCOTOXIN DIFFUSION FROM ROTTEN TO UNAFFECTED AREAS......Page 117
5.4. FACTORS AFFECTING MYCOTOXIN DIFFUSION IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES......Page 119
5.5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
6.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 126
6.2. POSTHARVEST MYCOTOXIGENIC ASPERGILLUS SPECIES AND THEIR TOXINS......Page 127
6.3. AFLATOXINS......Page 129
6.4. OCHRATOXINS......Page 135
6.5. OTHER ASPERGILLUS MYCOTOXINS......Page 148
6.6. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
7.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 164
7.2. SIGNIFICANCE OF PENICILLIUM SPECIES AS PATHOGENS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES......Page 165
7.3. MYCOTOXINS AND OTHER TOXIC METABOLITES OF PENICILLIUM SPECIES......Page 167
7.4. PATULIN......Page 170
7.5. OTHER PENICILLIUM MYCOTOXINS......Page 181
7.6. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
8.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 196
8.2. SIGNIFICANCE OF ALTERNARIA SPECIES AS PATHOGENS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES......Page 197
8.3. ALTERNARIA MYCOTOXINS......Page 200
8.4. OCCURRENCE OF ALTERNARIA MYCOTOXINS IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES......Page 203
8.5. TRANSFER OF ALTERNARIA MYCOTOXINS IN FRUITS AND THEIR PRESENCE IN FRUIT-DERIVED PRODUCTS......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 210
9.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 216
9.2. OCCURRENCE AND GENETIC VARIABILITY OF ASPERGILLI AND PENICILLIA ON FRUITS......Page 219
9.3. OCCURRENCE AND GENETIC VARIABILITY OF ASPERGILLI AND PENICILLIA ON VEGETABLES......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 227
10.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 236
10.2. DETECTION OF MYCOTOXIGENIC MOLDS......Page 243
REFERENCES......Page 249
11.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 260
11.2. DETECTION OF OCHRATOXIN A IN GRAPES AND WINE......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 268
12.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 272
12.2. PATULIN ANALYSIS......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 279
13.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 282
13.2. TOXIN ANALYSIS......Page 283
REFERENCES......Page 287
14.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 290
14.2. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF PATULIN PRODUCERS IN POME FRUITS......Page 291
14.3. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF OCHRATOXIN A PRODUCERS IN GRAPES......Page 298
14.4. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF ALTERNARIA IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 303
15.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 308
15.2. IN VITRO......Page 310
15.3. IN VIVO......Page 311
15.4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 316
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 318
16.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 322
16.2. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS IN FRUITS......Page 323
16.3. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PATULIN AND OCHRATOXIN A-PRODUCING FUNGI......Page 325
16.4. HOW BIOCONTROL AGENTS CONTROL DISEASE AND THE ROLE OF MYCOTOXINS IN A WIDER PERSPECTIVE......Page 330
16.5. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 335
16.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
17.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 346
17.2. PATULIN IN APPLE JUICE......Page 348
17.3. OCHRATOXIN A IN GRAPE JUICE......Page 355
17.4. CONCLUSION......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
ABSTRACT......Page 362
18.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 363
18.2. APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION OR ELIMINATION OF MYCOTOXINS......Page 364
18.3. PATULIN IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AND FOOD PRODUCTS......Page 365
18.4. OCHRATOXIN A IN GRAPES AND IN WINES......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 387
Index......Page 398