Multifunctional Microbial Biosurfactants

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Screening Methods for Biosurfactant-Producing Microorganisms
	1 Introduction
	2 Sampling for the Isolation of Biosurfactant-Producing Microorganisms
	3 Methods for Screening Biosurfactant-Producing Microorganisms
		3.1 Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbons Assay
		3.2 Bromothymol Blue (BTB) Assay
		3.3 CTAB Agar (Blue Agar) Plate Assay
		3.4 Drop-Collapse Assay
		3.5 Emulsification Assay
		3.6 Emulsification Index Assay (E24)
		3.7 Foam Test
		3.8 Hemolysis Test
		3.9 Hydrocarbon Overlay Method
		3.10 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC)
		3.11 Lipase Assay
		3.12 Oil-Displacement (Oil-Spreading) Assay
		3.13 Parafilm M Test
		3.14 Penetration Assay
		3.15 Replica Plate Assay
		3.16 Salt Aggregation Assay
		3.17 Surface/Interfacial Tension Analysis
		3.18 Tilted Glass Slide Assay
		3.19 Determination of the Biochemical Composition of Biosurfactants
			3.19.1 Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Test
			3.19.2 Biuret Test
			3.19.3 Phosphate Test
	4 Analytical Methods for Compound Detection of Biosurfactants
		4.1 Extraction of Crude Biosurfactant
		4.2 Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Methods
	5 Future Directions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Purification Assessment and Assay of Biosurfactant Efficacy
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Biosurfactants and Its Applications
	3 Types and Production of Biosurfactants
	4 Production of Biosurfactants
	5 Purification of Biosurfactants
		5.1 Acid Precipitation
		5.2 Salt Precipitation
		5.3 Organic Solvent Extraction
			5.3.1 Acetone and Ethanol Precipitation
			5.3.2 Other Organic Solvents
		5.4 Foam Fractionation
		5.5 Isoelectric Focusing
		5.6 Ultrafiltration
		5.7 Chromatographic Techniques
			5.7.1 Preparative TLC Chromatography
			5.7.2 Adsorption and Desorption Chromatography
			5.7.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography
		5.8 Solid Phase Extraction
	6 Purification Assessment and Assay of Biosurfactants Efficacy
		6.1 Purification Efficiency Determination
		6.2 Spectrophotometric or Colorimetric Assays
		6.3 Thin Layer Chromatography
		6.4 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
		6.5 Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)
		6.6 Gas Chromatography
		6.7 Infrared Spectrophotometry
		6.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
	7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
Methods of Screening and Applications of Biosurfactants Produced by Actinomycetes
	1 Introduction
	2 Type of Biosurfactants
		2.1 Polymeric Biosurfactants
		2.2 Macrocyclic Glycosides
		2.3 Lipopeptides
		2.4 Phenazine Ester
		2.5 Amide Glycosides
	3 Methods of Screening
		3.1 Hemolytic Activity
		3.2 Drop-Collapse Test
		3.3 Oil Displacement Test
		3.4 Blue Agar Plate
		3.5 Du-Nouy-Ring Method
		3.6 Penetration Assay
		3.7 Crystalline Anthracene Solubility
		3.8 Parafilm-M Test
		3.9 Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method
		3.10 Microplate Assay
		3.11 Orcinol Assay
	4 Case Studies on Biosurfactants
	5 Applications
		5.1 Environmental Remediation Industries
		5.2 Biosurfactants in Food Industry
		5.3 Degradation of Engine Oil
		5.4 Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis
		5.5 Manufacturing of Antifoul
		5.6 Medical Field
		5.7 Oil Industry
		5.8 Cosmetics
		5.9 Microbial Foams in Activated Sludge Plants
	6 Conclusion
	References
Methods of Screening and Applications of Biosurfactants Produced by Cyanobacteria
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Scientific Classification
		1.2 Characteristics of Cyanobacteria
	2 Biosurfactants Produced by Cyanobacteria
	3 Methods of Screening
		3.1 The Process of Screening and Isolating Cyanobacteria According to Mehjabin et al. (2020)
		3.2 Methods of Cultivation of Cyanobacteria
		3.3 Production of Biosurfactants on Industrial Scale (Large Scale)
	4 Bio-Activity of Biosurfactants
		4.1 Surfactants of Cyanobacterium phormidium
		4.2 Cyanobacteria Producing Exopolysaccharide
		4.3 Biosurfactant as Cytotoxin
	5 Parameters Influencing Activity and Production of Biosurfactants
	6 Applications
	7 Conclusion
	References
Fungal Biosurfactants and Its Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Biodiversity of Biosurfactant-Producing Fungi and Classification of Fungal Biosurfactants
		2.1 Glycolipid
		2.2 Lipopeptide/Lipoprotein Biosurfactant
		2.3 Fatty Acid Biosurfactant
		2.4 Particulate Biosurfactants
		2.5 Polymeric Surfactants
	3 Metabolic Pathways of Biosurfactant Production
	4 Production, Optimization, and Downstream of Fungal Biosurfactants
		4.1 Commercial Production and Optimization of Fungal Biosurfactant
		4.2 Strain Improvement
		4.3 Optimization of Medium and Environmental Factors
		4.4 Medium Optimization
		4.5 Environmental Factor Optimization
		4.6 Production Optimization via Statistical Procedures
		4.7 Large-Scale and Process Parameters Optimization
		4.8 Biosurfactant Extraction and Recovery
		4.9 Biosurfactant Characterization
	5 Biosurfactant Application
	6 Biosurfactant: From Lab to Market
	7 Conclusions
	References
Production of Biosurfactant by Bacteria from Extreme Environments: Biotechnological Potential and Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosurfactants: From the Definition to the Assessment
	3 Extremophile Microorganisms and Biosurfactant Synthesis
	4 Diversity of Microorganisms and Biosurfactants in Extreme Environments
		4.1 Saline and Hypersaline Environments
		4.2 High-Temperature Environments
		4.3 Cold Environments
		4.4 Extreme pH Environments
		4.5 Environments with High Oil Concentration
	5 Perspectives for Extremophiles Biosurfactant Applications
		5.1 Bioremediation
		5.2 Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
		5.3 Food Industry
		5.4 Cosmetics
		5.5 Agriculture
	6 Challenges of Biosurfactant Usage and Production
	7 Conclusion
	References
Microbial Biosurfactants: An Eco-Friendly Perspective Environmental Remediation
	1 Introduction
	2 Environmental Contaminants
	3 Biosurfactants
	4 Applications of Biosurfactants in the Environmental Area
		4.1 Oil Bioremediation in Marine and Soil Environment
		4.2 Biosurfactant Application in Oil Dispersion
		4.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Lipopeptide and Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant as Biopesticides
	1 Introduction
	2 Environmental Concerns of Chemical Pesticides
	3 Lipopeptide as Biopesticide
		3.1 Lipopeptide Biosurfactant for the Control of Fungal Pathogens
		3.2 Lipopeptide Biosurfactant for the Control of Insects and Pests
		3.3 Lipopeptide Biosurfactant for the Control of Plant Bacterial Pathogens
	4 Rhamnolipid as Biopesticide
		4.1 Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant for the Control of Plant Fungal Pathogens
		4.2 Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant for the Control of Insects and Pests
	5 Herbicidal Activity of Lipopeptide and Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant
	6 Mode of Action of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant
	7 Mode of Action of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant
	8 Biosurfactant Based BP in the Market
	9 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) in Plants Induced by Biosurfactants
	10 Future Prospects
	11 Conclusion
	References
Biosurfactants for Formulation of Sustainable Agrochemicals
	1 Introduction
	2 Agrochemicals
	3 Agricultural Biodefensives
		3.1 Biopesticide
		3.2 Biofertilizer
		3.3 Biostimulants
	4 Biological Control
	5 Bioformulations
		5.1 Types of Formulations
			5.1.1 Formulations for Dilution in Water
			5.1.2 Formulations for Direct Application
			5.1.3 Formulation for Dilution in Other Solvents
	6 Biosurfactants in Plant Protection for Sustainable Agriculture Development
		6.1 Biosurfactants as Biopesticides
		6.2 Biosurfactant as Biofertilizers
		6.3 Biosurfactant as Biostimulant
		6.4 Process for the Development of New Bioformulations
	7 Perspectives and Conclusions
	References
Biosurfactants: Role in Plant Growth Promotion and Disease Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosurfactant in Crop Improvement or Food Security
	3 Biochemistry of Biosurfactants
		3.1 Glycolipids
			3.1.1 Rhamnolipids
			3.1.2 Sophorolipids
			3.1.3 Trehalolipids
			3.1.4 Mannosylerythritol Lipids
			3.1.5 Other Glycolipid Biosurfactants
		3.2 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins
		3.3 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids
		3.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants
		3.5 Particulate Biosurfactants
	4 Biosurfactant-Producing PGPR (Bp-PGPR)
	5 How Biosurfactants Are Useful in Agriculture?
	6 Biosurfactant in Disease Management
	7 Conclusion
	References
Rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Cleaning of Polluted Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa: General Characteristics
	3 Rhamnolipids
		3.1 Biosynthesis
		3.2 Chemical and Physical-Chemical Properties
	4 Rhamnolipids Applications in Polluted Environments
		4.1 Rhamnolipids in Removal of Heavy Metals
		4.2 Removal of Hydrophobic Contaminants and Rhamnolipids
	5 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Rhamnolipids in Contaminant Removal Processes
	6 Conclusion
	References
Mosquitocidal Activity of Biosurfactants
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosurfactant
		2.1 Antimicrobial Action of Biosurfactants
	3 Vector Control
		3.1 Chemical Control Methods
			3.1.1 Insecticides
		3.2 Biological Control Methods
			3.2.1 Insect Predators
			3.2.2 Entomopathogenic Fungus
			3.2.3 Larvivorous Fish
			3.2.4 Protozoa
			3.2.5 Nematodes
			3.2.6 Bacteria
		3.3 Environmental Management of Vector Control
		3.4 Genetic Control of Vector
	4 Mosquitocidal Activities of Biosurfactant
		4.1 Impact of Surfactin, Rhamnolipid and Other Biosurfactant on Mosquitoes
		4.2 Key Factors for Mosquitocidal Activity
		4.3 Advantages, Limitations, and its Future Prospective
	5 Conclusion
	References
Biosurfactants as Promising Surface-Active Agents: Current Understanding and Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of BSs
		2.1 Surface and Interfacial Activities
		2.2 Temperature and pH Tolerance
		2.3 Biodegradability
		2.4 Low Toxicity
		2.5 Biocompatibility and Digestibility
		2.6 Emulsion Framing and Breaking
		2.7 Antiadhesive Agents
		2.8 Biofilm Formation
	3 Types of Biosurfactants
		3.1 Low-Molecular-Weight BSs
			3.1.1 Glycolipids
				Rhamnolipids
				Sophorolipids
				Trehalolipids
				Mannosylerythritol Lipids
				Cellobiose Lipids
			3.1.2 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids
			3.1.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins
		3.2 High-Molecular-Weight BSs
			3.2.1 Polymeric BSs
			3.2.2 Particulate BSs
	4 Production of BSs
		4.1 Substrates
		4.2 Physicochemical Parameters: Growth Conditions in the Bioreactor
	5 Commercial Applications of BSs
		5.1 Agriculture
			5.1.1 Improvement of Soil Quality
			5.1.2 Plant Pathogen Elimination
			5.1.3 Asset for Plant Microbe Interactions
			5.1.4 Molecular Means for Profiling of BS Producing Microbial Community from Agricultural Soils
		5.2 Medicine
			5.2.1 Antibacterial Performance of BSs
			5.2.2 Antifungal Activity
			5.2.3 Anticancer Activity
			5.2.4 Immunological Adjuvants
			5.2.5 Antiviral Activity
			5.2.6 Gene Delivery
		5.3 Commercial Laundry Detergents
		5.4 Food-Processing Industry
			5.4.1 Food Emulsifiers
			5.4.2 Antioxidant Agents
		5.5 Cosmetics Industry
		5.6 Petroleum and Oil Recovery
			5.6.1 Crude Oil Reservoir Extraction
			5.6.2 Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
			5.6.3 Cleaning of Oil Storage Tanks
	6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Role of Biosurfactants in Enzyme Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Status of Biosurfactants
	3 Source of Biosurfactants
	4 Nature of Biosurfactant
	5 Physiological Role of Microbial Biosurfactant
	6 Factors Affecting Bio Surfactant Production
	7 Type of Biosurfactants
	8 Biosurfactant Role in Enzyme Production
	9 Enzymatic Degradation
	10 Integrated Bioprocess of Enzyme and Biosurfactants
	11 Advanced Technology
	12 Conclusion
	References
Microbial Biosurfactants in Food Processing Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosurfactant Classification
	3 Production of Biosurfactants by Using Food Waste/By-products
	4 Applications of Biosurfactants in the Food Industry
	5 Biosurfactants as Emulsifiers and Stabilizers
	6 Nanoemulsions (NE)
	7 Bakery Products and Desserts
	8 Biosurfactants as Antioxidants and Antimicrobials to Extend the Food Shelf-life
	9 Preventive Role of Biosurfactants in the Formation of Biofilms
	10 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	References
Biosurfactants in Cosmetic Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Skin-care Preparations
		2.1 Makeup, Face Powder, and Rouge
		2.2 Cosmetics for the Eyes
		2.3 Lipstick
		2.4 Other Cosmetics
	3 Types of Cosmetics
		3.1 Solution Cosmetics
		3.2 Creams/Emulsions
		3.3 Lotions
		3.4 Suspensions
		3.5 Ointments/Pastes
		3.6 Tablets and Capsules
		3.7 Powders
		3.8 Gels
		3.9 Sticks
		3.10 Aerosols
		3.11 Other Products
	4 Role of Biosurfactant on Cosmetics
	5 Cosmeceutical Applications of Biosurfactant
		5.1 Anti-aging Skincare Products
		5.2 Sunscreen Products
		5.3 Toothpaste
		5.4 Face Wash
		5.5 Shampoo Rhamnolipid biosurfactant
		5.6 Hair Conditioners
		5.7 Skin Moisturizing
		5.8 Ingredients Present in Moisturizers
		5.9 Emollients
		5.10 Humectants
		5.11 Occlusives
	6 Exfoliants
		6.1 Solvents
		6.2 Antioxidants
		6.3 Preservatives
		6.4 Fragrances
		6.5 Emulsifiers
		6.6 Enzymes in Cosmetic Industry
		6.7 Eye Make-up Tips
		6.8 Understanding Cosmetic Labels
		6.9 Report Problems to FDA
	7 Follow these Steps
	8 Conclusion
	References
Applications of Microbial Biosurfactants in Detergents
	1 Introduction
	2 Detergents and Surfactants
	3 Harms of Surfactants in Detergents
	4 Application of Biosurfactants as Detergent
	5 Approaches for Commercial Biosurfactant Production
	6 Biosurfactant Market Size
	7 Conclusion
	References
Application of Biosurfactant in Petroleum
	1 Introduction
	2 Surfactant Flooding and Oil Recovery
	3 Biosurfactants as Green Alternatives to Chemical Surfactants Used in CEOR
	4 Application of Biosurfactants in Oil Recovery
	5 Conclusions
	References
Biosurfactants in Medical Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Classification of Biosurfactants
	2 Application of Biosurfactants in Medical Industry
		2.1 Biosurfactants for Replacement Therapy
			2.1.1 Role of Surfactants in Human Body
			2.1.2 Defects Due to Lack of Pulmonary Surfactant
			2.1.3 Use of Commercial Biosurfactants as Replacement for Pulmonary Surfactant
		2.2 Cytotoxic Effects and Antitumour Activity of Biosurfactants
		2.3 Immunomodulatory Role of Biosurfactants
		2.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants
			2.4.1 Antifungal Activity of Biosurfactants
			2.4.2 Antiviral Activity of Biosurfactants
			2.4.3 Anti-adhesive Activity
		2.5 Dermatological Activity of Biosurfactants
			2.5.1 Biosurfactants for Wound Healing
			2.5.2 Prebiotic Activity of Biosurfactants
		2.6 Biosurfactants for Oral Hygiene
		2.7 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Systems
		2.8 Biosurfactants for Diagnostics
	3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Biosurfactants: An Antiviral Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Biosurfactants
		2.1 Low-Molecular-Weight Biosurfactants
			2.1.1 Glycolipids
				Rhamnolipids
				Sophorolipids
				Trehalolipids
			2.1.2 Lipopeptides
			2.1.3 Phospholipids
		2.2 High-molecular-weight Biosurfactants
			2.2.1 Amphipathic Polysaccharides and Lipopolysaccharides
			2.2.2 Fatty Acids, Neutral Lipids and Lipoproteins
	3 Microbial Biosurfactants
		3.1 Bacterial Biosurfactants
			3.1.1 Pseudomonas
			3.1.2 Bacillus
			3.1.3 Rhodococcus
			3.1.4 Halomonas
		3.2 Fungal Biosurfactants
	4 Antiviral Activity of Biosurfactants
		4.1 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
		4.2 Hepatitis Virus
		4.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		4.4 Influenza Virus
		4.5 SARS-CoV-2
		4.6 Other Viruses
	5 Future Perspectives
	6 Conclusion
	References
Biosurfactants-mediated Nanoparticles as Next-Generation Therapeutics
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosurfactants: Classification, Structures, and Genetics
		2.1 Low-Molecular-Weight Biosurfactants
			2.1.1 Glycolipids
			2.1.2 Lipopeptides
		2.2 High-Molecular-Weight Biosurfactants
			2.2.1 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Lipoproteins
			2.2.2 Polymeric Surfactants
			2.2.3 Particulate Surfactants
		2.3 Genetics of Biosurfactants
	3 Properties of Biosurfactants
		3.1 Surface and Interface Activity
		3.2 Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance (HLB)
		3.3 Self-assembly
		3.4 Thermo-alkali Resistance
		3.5 Solubilization
		3.6 Biodegradability
		3.7 Emulsification
		3.8 Low Toxicity
		3.9 Anti-adhesive Property
		3.10 Other Properties
	4 Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Biosurfactant
		4.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
		4.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
		4.3 Nickel Nanoparticles
		4.4 Zinc Nanoparticles
		4.5 Cadmium Nanoparticles
		4.6 Iron Nanoparticles
		4.7 Nanoemulsions
	5 Therapeutic Role of Biosurfactants-mediated Nanoparticles
		5.1 Antimicrobial Properties
		5.2 Antibiofilm Properties
		5.3 Anticancer Properties
		5.4 Other Properties
	6 Non-toxicity of Biosurfactants-based Nanoparticles
	7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Production Cost of Traditional Surfactants and Biosurfactants
	1 Introduction
	2 Market Demand of Surfactants and Biosurfactants
	3 Synthetic Surfactants
		3.1 Anionic Surfactants
		3.2 Cationic Surfactants
		3.3 Non-ionic Surfactants
		3.4 Zwitterionic or Amphoteric Surfactants
	4 Synthesis of Biosurfactants
		4.1 Metabolic Pathway Involved in Biosurfactant Synthesis
		4.2 Key Parameters Involve in Biosurfactant Synthesis
		4.3 Carbon Sources
		4.4 Nitrogen Sources
		4.5 Factors Affecting the Production Cost of Biosurfactant Synthesis
	5 Surfactants in Global Market
	6 Production Cost and Market Price of Biosurfactants
	7 Comparison of Production Cost of Traditional Surfactants and Biosurfactants
	8 Conclusion
	References