Morphological Evolution, Adaptations, Homoplasies, Constraints, and Evolutionary Trends: Catfishes as a Case Study on General Phylogeny & Macroevolution

MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, APTATIONS, HOMOPLASIES, CONSTRAINTS AND EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS......Page 4
Copyright
......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgement......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1.1 PHYLOGENETIC POSITION WITHIN TELEOSTEI......Page 12
Family Amblycipitidae......Page 16
Family Ariidae......Page 18
Family Auchenipteridae......Page 19
Family Callichthyidae......Page 20
Family Claroteidae......Page 21
Family Doradidae......Page 22
Family Loricariidae......Page 23
Family Pangasiidae......Page 24
Family Schilbidae......Page 25
Family Trichomycteridae......Page 26
1.3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF HIGHER LEVEL PHYLOGENY OF CATFISHES......Page 27
1.4 CATFISH, AN EXCEPTIONAL BIOLOGICAL GROUP......Page 41
2.1 PHYLOGENETIC METHODOLOGY......Page 44
2.2 DELIMITATION OF TERMINAL TAXA......Page 48
2.3 MATERIAL, TECHNIQUES AND NOMENCLATURE......Page 54
3.1 CHARACTER DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON......Page 58
Ventral Cephalic Musculature and Structures Associated with Mandibular Barbels......Page 59
Musculature Associated with Pectoral Girdle and Fins......Page 128
Neurocranium and Anterior Vertebrae......Page 133
Pectoral Girdle and Fins
......Page 155
Facial Musculature......Page 174
Splanchnocranium......Page 193
3.2 CLADISTIC ANALYSIS, DIAGNOSIS FOR CLADES, AND COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS HYPOTHESES......Page 240
Clade 3 (All Genera Excluding Diplomystes, Nematogenys, Trichomycterus, Hatcheria, Callichthys, Cogdoras, Scoloplax, Astroblepus, Hypoptopoma, L oricaria, Lith oxus)......Page 251
Clade 4 (Nematogenys, Trichomycterus, Hatcheria, Callichthys, Corydoras, Scoloplax, Astroblepus, Hypoptopoma, Loricaria, Lithoxus)......Page 254
Clade 6 (Nematogenys)......Page 255
Clade 8 (Callichthys, Cotydoras, Scoloplax, Astroblepus, Hypoptopoma, Loricaria, Lithoxus)......Page 256
Clade 11 (ScolopIax)......Page 257
Clade 14 (Hypoptopoma, Ioricaria, Lithoxus)......Page 258
Clade 16 (All Genera Excluding Diplomystes, Nematogenys, Trichomycteru Hatcheria, Callichthys, Corydoras, Scoloplax, Astroblepus, Hypoptopoma, Loricaria, Lithoxus, Helogenes, Cetopsis, Hemicetopsis)......Page 259
Clade 17 (Helogenes, Cetopsis, Hemicetopsis)......Page 260
Clade 19 (All Genera Excluding Diplomystes, Nematogenys, Trichomycterus, Hatcheria, Callichthys, Corydoras, Scoloplax, Astroblepus, Hypoptopoma, Loricaria, Lithoxus, Helogenes, Cetopsis, Hemicetopsis, Wallago, Silurus)......Page 261
Clade 21 ( Helicophagus, Pangasius, Pseudeutropius, Schilbe, Laides, Ailia, Siluranodon, Cranoglanis, Amiurus, Ictalurus, Austroglanis, Ancharius, Anius, Genidens, Auchenoglanis, Chysichthys, Clarotes) 
......Page 263
Clade 22 (Helicophagus, Pangasius, Pseudeutropius, Schilbe, Laides, Ailia, Siluranodon)
......Page 264
Clade 24 (Pseudeutropius, Schiibe, Laides, Aiiia, Siiuranodon)......Page 265
Clade 25 (Pseudeufropius, Schilbe)......Page 266
Clade 27 (Cranoglanis, Amiurus, Ictalurus, Austroglanis, Ancharius, Alrius, Genidens, Auchenoglanis, Chrysichthys, Clarotes)......Page 267
Clade 28 (Cranoglanis, Amiurus, Ictalurus)......Page 268
Clade 31 (Austroglanis, Ancharius, Arius, Genidens, Auchenoglanis, Chysichthys, Clarotes
......Page 269
Clade 32 (Austroglanis)......Page 270
Clade 33 (Ancharius, Arius, Genidens, Auchenoglanis, Chrysichthys, Clarotes)......Page 271
Clade 34 (Ancharius, Arius, Genidens)......Page 272
Clade 36 (Auchenoglanis, Chrysichthys, Clarotes)......Page 273
Clade 38......Page 274
Clade 40 (Malapterurus, Mochokus, Synodontis, Centromochlus, Ageneiosus, Auchenipterus, Franciscodoras, Anadoras, Doras, Acanthodoras)......Page 275
Clade 41 (Malapterurus)......Page 276
Clade 43 (Mochokus, Synodontis)......Page 277
Clade 46 (Ageneiosus, Auchenipterus)......Page 278
Clade 50 (Rita, Bagrichthys, Hemibagrus, Bagrus, Microglanis, Pseudopimelodus, Heptapterus, Rhamdia, Goeldiella, Pseudoplatystoma, Hypophthalmus, Pimelodus, Calophysus)......Page 279
Clade 51 (Rita, Bagrichthys, Hemibagrus, Bagrus)
......Page 280
Clade 54 (Microglanis, Pseudopimelodus, Heptapterus, Rhamdia, Goeldiella, Pseudoplatystoma, Hypophthalmus, Pimelodus, Calophysus)......Page 281
Clade 56 (Heptapterus, Rhamdia, Goeldiella, Pseudoplatystoma, Hypophthalmus, Pimelodus, Calophysus)......Page 282
Clade 59 (Pseudoplatystoma, Hypophthalmus, Pimelodus, Calophysus)
......Page 283
Clade 62......Page 284
Clade 63......Page 285
Clade 64 (Chaca, Uegitglanis, Heteropneustes, Clarias, Heterobranchus, Cnidoglanis, Neosilurus, Plotosus, Paraplotosus)......Page 286
Clade 66 (Uegitglanis, Heteropneustes, Clarias, Heterobranchus, Cnidoglanis, Neosilurus, Plotosus, Paraplotosus)
......Page 288
Clade 67 (Uegitglanis, Heteropneustes, Clarias Heterobranchus)
......Page 289
Clade 68 (Heteropneustes, Clarias, Heterobranchus)
......Page 290
Clade 72 (Plotosus, Paraplotosus)......Page 292
Clade 73 (Parakysis, Akysis, Amblyceps, Liobagrus, Gagata, Bagarius, Glyptosternon, Glyptothorax, Erethistes, Hara, Aspredo, Bunocephalus, Xyliphius)
......Page 293
Clade 74 (Amblyceps, Liobagrus)......Page 294
Clade 76 (Gagata, Bagarius, Glyptostemon, Glyptothorax, Erethistes, Hara, Aspredo, Bunocephalus, Xyliphius)......Page 295
Clade 78 (Glyptosternon, Glyptothorax)......Page 297
Clade 81 (Aspredo, Bunocephalus, Xyliphius)......Page 298
Clade 83 (Amphilius, Paramphilius, Leptoglanis, Zaireichthys, Doumea, Phractura, Andersonia, Belonoglanis, Trachyglanis)......Page 299
Clade 85 ( Leptoglanis, Zaireichthys, Doumea, Phractura, Andersonia, Belonoglanis, Trachyglanis)
......Page 301
Clade 87 (Dournea, Phractura, Andersonia, Belonoglanis, Trachyglanis)
......Page 302
Clade 90 (Belonoglanis, Trachyglanis)......Page 303
3.3 CHARACTER STATE CHANGES FOR INDIVIDUAL GENERA......Page 304
3.4 RESULTS OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS: MAJOR OUTLINES......Page 306
4. Higher-level Phylogeny and Macroevolution of Catfishes: A Discussion......Page 312
4.1 STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENTS OF THE MANDIBULAR BARBELS......Page 314
4.2 PECTORAL GIRDLE COMPLEX......Page 322
4.3 ADDUCTOR MANDIBULAE COMPLEX......Page 335
4.4 PALATINE-MAXILLARY SYSTEM......Page 348
4.5 SUSPENSORIUM AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
......Page 358
4.6 ELASTIC SPRING APPARATUS......Page 377
4.7 A DISCUSSION ON THE ORIGIN AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF CATFISHES......Page 383
Catfish Higher-level Phylogeny......Page 385
Physiology/Ecology
......Page 389
Plate Tectonics......Page 390
Palaeobiogeography of Siluriforms and Other Ostariophysans......Page 392
Catfish Sister-group......Page 395
Molecular Clocks......Page 397
5.1 PRIMARY HOMOLOGIES, SECONDARY HOMOLOGIES, AND A PRIORI VERSUS A POSTERIORI EXPLANATIONS IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY......Page 400
5.2 HOMOPLASIES, CONSISTENCY INDEX, AND COMPLEXITY OF MACROEVOLUTION......Page 407
5.3 FUNCTIONAL UNCOUPLINGS AND MORPHOLOGICAL MACROEVOLUTION
......Page 411
5.4 MYOLOGICAL VERSUS OSTEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTIONS
......Page 414
5.5 ANALYSIS OF DISTINCT ANATOMICAL REGIONS IN PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTIONS AND THE CODING OF MULTISTATE CHARACTERS......Page 428
5.6 APTATIONS, EXAPTATIONS AND ADAPTATIONS IN 
MACROEVOLUTIONARY STUDIES......Page 440
5.7 PARALLELISMS, CONVERGENCES AND CONSTRAINTS IN MACROEVOLUTION
......Page 445
5.8 CORDELIA'S DILEMMA, HISTORICAL BIAS AND GENERAL EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS......Page 452
5.9 PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM, SPECIATION, LIVING FOSSILS AND MACROEVOLUTION......Page 462
References......Page 472
List of Abbreviations......Page 492
Index......Page 500