Modern Approaches to the Visualization of Landscapes

Contents
Part I Introduction
Modern Approaches to the Visualization of Landscapes—An Introduction
	Abstract
	1	Introductory Remarks
	2	Chapters and Contributions–—A Brief Overview
	References
Part II Landscape Analysis. From Traditional to Digital Data Sources
Visualization of the Fundamental Dimensions of “landscape” in Landscape Paintings Around 1500 A.D.
	Abstract
	1	The Three Fundamental Dimensions of Landscape: Resource, Work and Social Structuring
	2	Fundamental thoughts about the interpretation of historical landscape paintings
	3	Resource, Labor and Social Structuring Shown on a Certain Landscape Painting Around 1500 A.D.
		3.1	Albrecht Dürer, “The Wire-Drawing Mill at the river Pegnitz” (1496–1500)—showing an overexploitation of an economic landscape at the end of the Middle Ages
		3.2	Two Calendar Pictures of Hans Wertinger (Around 1525/30)—Manifold Forms to Use Resources Under Feudalistic Conditions
	4	Conclusion: Historical Landscape Paintings Being a Visualization of the Fundamental Dimensions of Landscape
	References
Discovering Forgotten Landscapes
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Choosing an Adequate Terrain Visualization
	3	Visualization of Historical Field Systems
	4	Automated Detection of Medieval Field Systems
	5	Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Visualizing Landscapes by Geospatial Techniques
	Summary
	1	Introduction
		1.1	Background and Structure
		1.2	Landscape Visualization in the Past and Today
	2	Systems
		2.1	Hardware
		2.2	Landscape Visualization Through Image Processing Techniques
			2.2.1 Radar Interferometry
			2.2.2 LiDAR/Laser Altimetry
			2.2.3 Photogrammetry
		2.3	Digital Landscape Models
	3	Application
		3.1	Animated Maps
		3.2	Visualization of Geomorphological Processes
		3.3	Landscape Evolution Models
		3.4	Mixed Reality
		3.5	Landscapes and Artificial Intelligence
		3.6	Landscape Architecture and Planning
		3.7	Comprehensive Overview
	References
Modelling and Visualization of Landscape Complexity with Braid Topology
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Methods and Data
		2.1	Model Formulation and Test Site
		2.2	Topological Model and Visualization
	3	Results
		3.1	Braid Complexity of the Model Landscape
		3.2	Visualization of Landscape Dynamics with Braids
		3.3	Algebraic Calculation of Landscape Complexity from Braids
		3.4	Visualizing alternative possible Landscape Transformations
	4	Discussion
	5	Conclusions
	References
Using the Matrix as a Qualitative Data Display for Landscape Research and a Reflection Based on the Social Constructivist Perspective
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	The Case Study
		2.1	Overview About the Research Area
		2.2	Using Matrix Display
	3	Reflection and Conclusion Based on the Social Constructivist Perspective
	References
Part III Landscape Visualization and the Internet
The Social Construction of Space and Landscape in Internet Videos
	Abstract
	1	Introductory Remarks
	2	Landscape and Film in General
	3	Landscape and Film in Particular: Specifics of Internet Videos
	4	The Representation of Landscape in Internet Videos—Accesses and Examples
	5	Bottom Line
	References
Landscape in Internet Pictures
	Abstract
	1	Introduction: Landscape in Pictures
	2	Of Depicted Landscape Constructs and Pictures on the Internet
	3	The Representations of Landscape Constructs on the Internet
		3.1	Landscape in Google Picture Search
		3.2	The Term Landscape in Other Online Sections
	4	Is this Landscape? The Question of the Impact of These Pictures
	5	Conclusion
	References
The Social Construction of Tuscany in the German- and English-Speaking World—Presented by the Analysis of Internet Images
	Abstract
	1	Introductory Remarks
	2	Notes on the Social Construction of Landscape
	3	The Social Construction of Tuscany in the German-Speaking World
	4	The Social Construction of Tuscany in the English-Speaking World
	5	The Visual Construction of Tuscany in Internet Images: Comparing the Results of the Search Words ‘Tuscany’, ‘Toskana’ and ‘Toscana’
	6	Conclusion: Summary, Conclusions and Further Research Needs
	References
Cartography and the Sea: A JavaScript-Based Web Mapping Application for Managing Maritime Shipping
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Context of the Application
	3	Functionalities
	4	Summary and Outlook
	References
Part IV Multisensory Landscape Presentations
Visuality, Aesthetics, and Landscape: For the Clarification and Self-Awareness of Constructivist Landscape Research
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Aesthetics and Landscape Aesthetics
		2.1	Visuality and Aesthetics
		2.2	Aesthetics and Landscape
		2.3	Visuality and Landscape
	3	Virtuality and Landscape
	4	The Construction of Landscape
	5	Interim Result
	6	Education About Virtualisation and Visual Media
		6.1	Research on 3D Visualization of Landscape
		6.2	Synaesthesia of Landscape
	7	Self-Education About the Presence and Materiality of Landscape
		7.1	The ‘Presence’ of Landscape
		7.2	The ‘Materiality’ of Landscape
	8	Conclusion
	References
Temporalities of the Smellscape: Creative Mapping as Visual Representation
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Logistics and Rationale: Kyiv
	3	Rhythms of the Smellwalk
	4	Scales Within the Smellscape: Processes of Visualisation
	5	Analysing and Constructing the Smellscape: Sketches, Symbols, Animations
	6	Discussion: Motion, Rhythm and Spatiality of Smell
	References
Soundscapes in Cartographic Media
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Soundscapes in 2D Maps
	3	Soundscapes In 3D Maps
	4	Potentials of Soundscapes in Cartography for the Exploration of the Individual and Social Construction of Landscape
	5	Summary and Outlook
	References
Part V Modern Virtual Landscapes
Virtuality and Landscape
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Theoretical Frame: The Importance of Landscape Research for Geographical Studies
		2.1	The Historical Background of Landscape Research
		2.2	Reflections About Landscape in Regard of Social Constructivism
		2.3	The Interpretation of Landscape in Postmodern Times
	3	Virtuality: Another Approach to Paradise?
		3.1	Virtuality in the Context of Postmodernity
		3.2	Virtual Effects: Creating ‘Real’ Atmospheres Artificially
		3.3	Motivation for Virtuality: A Plea for Escapism?
	4	Conclusion
	References
From Na Pali to Earth—An ‘Unreal’ Engine for Modern Geodata?
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Examples of VR-Based Landscape Construction
		2.1	From Numbers to a VR-Compatible 3D Elevation Model
		2.2	From (Animated) 3D Objects to Open Geodata
	3	Summary
	References
Landscape in Computer Games—The Examples of GTA V and Watch Dogs 2
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	The Concept Of Landscape From A Social Constructivist Perspective
		2.1	Social Constructivism As A Young Research Tradition Within Landscape Research
		2.2	The Plurality Of Meanings Of The Landscape Concept
	3	The Importance of Simulation in Postmodernism
		3.1	Characteristics of Postmodernism
		3.2	Escapist References
	4	Comparison of the Case Studies GTA V and Watch Dogs 2
		4.1	GTA V and the Simulated Image of Los Angeles As a Prototype of the Postmodern City
		4.2	Watch Dogs 2 and the Simulacrum of San Francisco
		4.3	Comparison of Landscape References and Potential for Action
	5	Conclusion
	References
Technical Potentials for the Visualization in Virtual Reality
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Basics of Virtual Reality
		2.1	The Three „I “ in Virtual Reality
		2.2	Virtual Worlds
	3	Aspects for Implementation in VR-Systems
		3.1	3D Modelling
		3.2	Preparation of 3D-Objects for VR
		3.3	Implementation of 3D Objects in VR Environments
	4	Visualization and Interaction Potentials in VR
		4.1	Scene Graphs
		4.2	Physiognomic Characteristics
		4.3	Optimization Techniques for 3D Objects
		4.4	Animation and Object Behaviour
		4.5	Illumination
	5	Conclusion
	References
Part VI Landscape Visualization in Education
Virtual Reality (VR) and Geography Education: Potentials of 360° ‘Experiences’ in Secondary Schools
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Geography Education in a Digital World
	3	Potentials of VR for Geography Classes in School
	4	Conclusion
	References
How to Teach “Landscape” Through Games?
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	The Former Drain Field Area of Hobrechtsfelde: History and Geography
	3	“Landscape” Taught in School
	4	Location-Based Gaming and Gamification
		4.1	Teaching of “Landscape” and Augmented Reality (AR)
		4.2	Storytelling
	5	The Drain Field Game: Hunting the Ghost of James Hobrecht
		5.1	Conveying Time Sections
		5.2	The Eighteenth Century
		5.3	Operating the Drain Fields in 1953
		5.4	The Recreational Area in 2008
		5.5	The 2015 Digital Area Model
	6	Conclusion
	References
Visualization of Future Landscapes, Postmodern Cinema and Geographical Education
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
		1.1	Postmodern Landscapes
		1.2	Postmodern Cinema
		1.3	Visualizing Future Postmodern Urban Landscapes
		1.4	Cinema and Geographical Education
	2	Methods
	3	Results
		3.1	Rank per Characteristic in the Text
		3.2	Rank per Type of Characteristic
		3.3	Visualizing Future Athens as a “Bladerunner City”
	4	Visualizing Urban Landscapes of Athens Resembling the “Bladerunner” City: A Collective “Mental Map”
	5	Discussion
	6	Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Landscapes in Geography Textbooks
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Theoretical Background
	3	Method and Sample
	4	Results
		4.1	Hungary
		4.2	Venezuela
	5	Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Part VII Landscape Visualization and Conflicts
The Threefold Landscape Dynamics: Basic Considerations, Conflicts, and Potentials of Virtual Landscape Research
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	The Threefold Landscape Dynamic – Some Basic Considerations
	3	The Socialization of Landscape
	4	Landscape Conflicts and the Threefold Landscape Dynamic
	5	Potentials of Virtual Landscape Research
	6	Conclusion
	References
Linking Socio-Scientific Landscape Research with the Ecosystem Services Approach to Analyze Conflicts About Protected Area Management—The Case of the Bavarian Forest National Park
	Abstract
	1	Introduction: Conflicts and Cultural Ecosystem Services
		1.1	Linking a Social Constructivist Perspective on Landscape to Cultural Ecosystem Services Research
		1.2	The Bavarian Forest National Park and its Bark Beetle Crisis
	2	Methods
	3	Results and Discussion
		3.1	Familiar Landscapes—Locals Like Stability
			3.1.1 Local Impact of the National Parks Bark Beetle Crisis
			3.1.2 The Resurrection and Its Consequences
			3.1.3 Stereotyping Nature
		3.2	Travel Magazine-Landscapes—Tourists Like Stereotypes
			3.2.1 Landscape in Tourism Marketing
			3.2.2 Two Reasons Why the Post Disturbance Landscape was No Problem for Tourism
		3.3	Red List Landscapes—Conservationists Like Rare Species
			3.3.1 Rare Species Benefit from Bark Beetle Crisis
			3.3.2 Biodiversity as Measure of Value
	4	Conclusion
	References
Visualizations of ‘landscape’ in Protest Movements: On Exclusive, Inclusive Patterns of Perception, Interpretation Using the Example of Resistance to the Expansion of the Electricity Grid in Germany
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	General Preliminary Remarks
		2.1	(Visual) Signs and Symbolic Systems as Media and Mediation of Reality Constructions
		2.2	Protest and the Functions of Visual Protest Communication
		2.3	Images and Their ‘Double Nature’
	3	Methodical Approach
	4	Evaluation Results
		4.1	General Overview
		4.2	Persuasive Presenting in Public Space
		4.3	Explicit Structuring of Landscape-Related Aesthetic Patterns
		4.4	Logos as an Intersection of Identity, Demonstrations, and Aesthetic Structuring
	5	Conclusion and Outlook
	References
The Digitalizing Societys—Transformations and Challenges
	Abstract
	1	On Unknown Paths into A Digitalised Future
	2	The Digital Transformation of All Areas of Society
	3	People in the Digital Transformation
	4	The Diversity of Digital Living Environments
	5	(Almost) No Place Outside the Digital Transformation
	References
Part VIII Landscape Visualization and Modern Urban Societies
Blurring the Boundaries of Landscape Visualization: Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas
	Abstract
	1	Introduction: Simulated Landscapes
	2	Theoretical Background: Landscape as a Construct and Its Simulations
	3	Historical Overview: Las Vegas—An Urban Rural Hybrid
	4	A Landscape of Fluid Visualizations
	5	Conclusion: Simulated Landscapes, Blurred Boundaries
	References
Urban/Rural Hybridity in Pictures. The Creation of Neighborhood Images Using the Example of San Diego’s Urbanizing Inner-Ring Suburbs East Village and Barrio Logan
	Abstract
	1	Introduction: A Discourse Theoretical-Oriented Picture Analysis of the Inner-Ring Neighborhoods East Village and Barrio Logan in San Diego
	2	Theoretical Perspective and Methodological Approach
		2.1	Discourse Theoretical Approach
		2.2	Qualitative Discourse Theoretical-Oriented Picture Analysis
	3	San Diego’s Urbanizing Inner-Ring – A Postmodern Pastiche Between Differentiation, Polarization and Economization
		3.1	Downtown San Diego’s Spillover Into the Next Ring: The Urbanization of East Village and Barrio Logan
		3.2	The Medial, Pictorial Representations of East Village: A Stereotypical Upmarket, Urban Neighborhood
		3.3	Barrio Logan in the Media: A Spatial Pastiche of Opposites and Contradictory Attributions
	4	Conclusion
	References
Exploring Urban ‘Blightscapes’ Applying Spatial Video Technology and Geographic Information System
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
		1.1	Developing a Catalogue for Physical Urban Blight Indicators
		1.2	Methods to Collect Urban Blight Indicators
	2	Study Area, Data Collection, and Spatial Analysis Methods
		2.1	Study Area
		2.2	Data Collection with the Spatial Video Technology
		2.3	Spatial Analysis Methods
	3	Spatial Distribution of Physical Urban Blight
		3.1	Physical Urban ‘Blightscapes’ Applying the Local Moran’s I Spatial Autocorrelation
		3.2	Physical Urban ‘Blighscapes’ Applying the Kernel Density Estimation
	4	Summary and Future Research
	References
Exploring Tangible and Intangible Landscapes of Evocative Places: Case Study of the City of Vitória in Brazil
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Place, Emotions and Values
		2.1	Defining the Notion of a Place
		2.2	Place and Restorative Experience
		2.3	Place and Emotions
		2.4	Place and Values
	3	Research Focus and Methodology
		3.1	Research Goals: Evocative Places and their Characteristics
		3.2	Research Material and Methodology
		3.3	Study Example: The City of Vitória
		3.4	Survey Participants
	4	Characteristics of Places: Conceptual Model of an Evocative Place
		4.1	Locations and Concentrations of Evocative Places
	5	The Conceptual Model of an Evocative Place
		5.1	Descriptions of Evocative Places in Vitória
		5.2	The Conceptual Model of an Evocative Place
	6	Emotions of Evocative Places in the City of Vitória
		6.1	Prevailing Emotions in the City and their Locations
		6.2	How Planners Can Use this Information
	7	Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Prato: The Social Construction of an Industrial City Facing Processes of Cultural Hybridization
	Abstract
	1	The City of Prato in the 21st Century: A Short Introduction
	2	Historical, Geographical, and Socioeconomic Sketches
	3	A Lively Academic Debate: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review
	4	Social Representations of a City in Transformation: An Analysis of INTERNET Videos
		4.1	Brief Methodological Notes
		4.2	Patterns of Representation
		4.3	A Critical Analysis of Landscape Stereotypes
	5	Lines of Hybridization—Refining the Research Agenda
	References