Modelling Distributed Energy Resources in Energy Service Networks

Modelling Distributed Energy Resources in Energy Service Networks......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 18
Symbols......Page 20
1.1 Global urbanisation and efficiency of energy systems......Page 22
1.2 Evolution of urban energy systems......Page 26
1.3 Integrated management of energy systems......Page 29
2.1.1 Meeting the challenges of decentralised power generation......Page 34
2.1.2 Impacts of cogeneration technology on electric networks......Page 36
2.1.3 Impacts of PHEV technology on electric networks......Page 40
2.2.1 Multi-generation analysis......Page 45
2.2.2 Integrated energy transportation systems......Page 46
2.2.3 Modelling of energy hubs......Page 47
2.2.4 Integrated natural gas and electricity studies......Page 48
3.1.1 Fundamentals of electrical systems......Page 50
3.1.2 Defining the electrical load flow problem......Page 52
3.2.1 Fundamentals of natural gas systems......Page 56
3.2.2 Defining the natural gas load flow problem......Page 58
3.2.3 Nodal formulation and the incidence matrix......Page 59
3.3.1 Modelling components and variables......Page 63
3.3.2 The Newton–Raphson algorithm......Page 64
3.3.2.1 The electrical system Jacobian matrix......Page 65
3.3.2.2 The natural gas system Jacobian matrix......Page 67
3.3.2.3 Load flow conclusions......Page 69
4.1.1 Fundamentals of OLTC transformers......Page 72
4.1.2 OLTC modelling equations......Page 74
4.2.1 Fundamentals of compressor stations......Page 77
4.2.2 Compressor modelling equations......Page 79
4.3.1 Fundamentals of combined heat and power units......Page 80
4.3.2 Nodal formulation of natural gas networks with CHPs......Page 86
4.3.3 Thermal energy storage management equations......Page 89
4.4.1 Fundamentals of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles......Page 92
4.4.2 Nodal formulation of electrical networks with PHEVs......Page 102
4.4.3 Electrochemical energy storage management equations......Page 105
5.1.1 Problem description......Page 110
5.1.2 Optimisation solver......Page 114
5.1.3 Input data and assumptions of the TCOPF tool......Page 115
5.2.2 Fuel cost......Page 117
5.2.5 Composite objectives......Page 118
5.3.1.1 For plug-and-forget scenario......Page 119
5.3.1.3 For energy loss minimisation......Page 120
5.3.1.5 For composite objective minimisation (e.g. cost of spot prices vs. cost of emissions)......Page 121
5.3.2 Constraints......Page 122
5.3.2.2 Concerning natural gas networks......Page 123
5.3.2.4 Concerning CHP devices embedded in natural gas networks......Page 124
5.3.3 TCOPF problem and solution characteristics......Page 125
6.1.1 Input data and assumptions......Page 128
6.1.2 Description of case studies and energy system parameters......Page 131
6.2.1 Overview......Page 137
6.2.2 Integrated versus non-integrated systems......Page 138
6.2.3 Natural gas network......Page 141
6.2.4 CHP technology......Page 144
6.2.5 Electrical network......Page 151
6.2.6 PHEV technology......Page 156
6.3 Summary of results......Page 163
7 Salvador Acha and Koen H. van Dam: Modelling electric vehicle mobility in energy service networks......Page 166
7.1.1 Modelling methods......Page 167
7.2 Combining agent-based and load flow models......Page 168
7.2.1 Agent-based model for vehicles......Page 169
7.2.2 PHEV optimal power flow formulation......Page 170
7.2.2.1 For PHEV charging cost minimisation scenario......Page 171
7.3.1.1 Driver profiles......Page 172
7.3.1.3 City layout......Page 173
7.3.2 Case studies and energy system parameters......Page 174
7.4.1 Agent-based model results......Page 175
7.4.2 Optimal power flow model results......Page 180
8.1 Summary and contributions......Page 184
8.2 Research beneficiaries......Page 187
8.3 Future work suggestions......Page 188
Appendix A: Urban agglomeration data......Page 190
Appendix B: UK energy flow analysis......Page 192
Appendix C: Electrical load flow code......Page 194
Appendix D: Natural gas load flow code......Page 198
Appendix E: OLTC derivatives......Page 202
Appendix F: Per unit system values......Page 204
Appendix G: KKT optimality conditions......Page 206
Appendix H: Newton’s method......Page 208
References......Page 210
Index......Page 226