Mistletoe: The Genus Viscum (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Industrial Profiles)

Cover......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
MISTLETOE: The Genus Viscum......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 12
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 14
MISTLETOE: THE MYTHICAL PLANT......Page 17
Mistletoe as a Remedy......Page 18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 21
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS......Page 23
GENERA OF VISCAEAE......Page 25
VISCUM ALBUM GROUP......Page 27
VISCUM IN AFRICA......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 43
TAXONOMY OF VISCACEAE......Page 47
Host Specifity......Page 48
APPEARANCE OF VISCUM ALBUM......Page 49
Microscopic Description......Page 53
NUTRITION OF VISCUM ALBUM......Page 54
SECONDARY COMPOUNDS FROM VISCUM ALBUM......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 58
INTRODUCTION......Page 61
BOTANY, TAXONOMY, HOST TREES AND GEOGRAPHY......Page 62
Lectins......Page 65
Carbohydrates......Page 66
Korthalsella japonica Engl.......Page 67
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES......Page 68
CONCLUSIONS......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
INTRODUCTION......Page 77
Host Trees......Page 79
Stems......Page 80
Flavonoids......Page 82
Macromolecular Compounds......Page 83
Vasoactive Activity......Page 84
Immunomodulating Activity......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 88
NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF MISTLETOE-BEARING OAKS......Page 91
SELECTION OF SUITABLE HOST TREES......Page 95
CHOOSING A SITE......Page 96
SOWING MISTLETOE......Page 97
DEVELOPMENT OF HAUSTORIAL SYSTEM......Page 99
THE MISTLETOE SHOOT......Page 101
THE MISTLETOE FLOWER......Page 103
DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT AND EMBRYO......Page 105
FINAL REMARKS......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 108
INTRODUCTION......Page 111
Explant Disinfection......Page 112
Callus Induction......Page 113
CONCLUSION......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
Lectins—Common Introduction......Page 117
The isolectin pattern of RIP 2 Viscum album lectins......Page 120
Biological activities of RIP 2 Viscum album lectins......Page 124
Mistletoe Lectins: The Hevein Domain Lectin VisalbCBL......Page 126
Vaster Proteins, Non-lectin Proteins and Peptides......Page 128
Thionins: Viscotoxins......Page 129
Flavonoids......Page 130
Mono-, Oligo- and Polysaccharides......Page 131
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
Experimental Investigation......Page 139
Clinical Results......Page 141
ARTHROSIS......Page 142
Cytotoxicity......Page 144
Animals......Page 145
Mechanisms of Cell Death: Apoptosis and Necrosis......Page 148
Whole plant extracts......Page 149
Immunomodulation by Mistletoe......Page 150
Cellular immune system......Page 151
Induction of cytokines......Page 153
Humoral immune system......Page 154
DNA Stabilization......Page 156
Viscotoxins......Page 157
Mistletoe Lectins......Page 160
Cell death mechanisms......Page 162
Selectivity of killing......Page 164
Induction of Fas ligand......Page 165
Stimulation of immunocompetent cells......Page 166
Flavonoids and Phenylpropanoids......Page 167
Phenolic Acids......Page 171
Interactions......Page 173
Meta-analyses of mistletoe studies......Page 174
Mistletoe studies......Page 176
CONCLUSIONS......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 180
Exposure to the Whole Plant or Parts of the Plant......Page 199
Exposure to Plant Extracts......Page 200
Application of Viscum album Extracts......Page 201
Application of Purified Components......Page 202
GENOTOXICITY AND MUTAGENICITY......Page 203
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
Tolerability of Mistletoe Treatment......Page 211
Anaphylactic reactions......Page 213
Other adverse effects, less well documented......Page 214
CHARACTERISATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF PATIENTS WITH SUPPOSED SIDE EFFECTS DURING THERAPY WITH AN AQUEOUS MISTLETOE EXTRACT......Page 215
Detection of anti-ML-1 Antibodies and Role of anti-ML-1 Antibodies of the IgE Type during VA-E Treatment......Page 216
Analysis of the Cytokine Pattern Induced by the Mistletoe Extract......Page 218
Conclusions from the Immunological Investigations......Page 219
REFERENCES......Page 221
HARVEST AND MANUFACTURING......Page 225
Mistletoe in Homeopathy......Page 233
Mistletoe in Phytotherapy......Page 234
Mistletoe in Anthroposophical Medicine......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 237
INTRODUCTION......Page 239
Chromatographic analysis......Page 240
Medicinal Products......Page 241
Oligo- and Polysaccharides......Page 242
Lectins......Page 243
CELL CULTURE METHODS FOR QUALITY CONTROL......Page 244
STABILITY......Page 246
SUMMARY......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
Complementary Medicine: a Scientific Approach to Comprehensive Therapy in Oncology......Page 253
Immunomodulatory Activity of Natural Mistletoe Lectin-1 (ML-1)......Page 254
GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME......Page 255
Breast carcinoma......Page 256
Colorectal carcinoma......Page 257
Expression, Characterisation and Activity of Recombinant Mistletoe Lectin (rML)......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
INTRODUCTION......Page 263
Interactions of Different Mistletoe Lectins......Page 265
Interactions of Mistletoe Lectins and Vesicles......Page 266
Interactions of Mistletoe Lectins and Viscotoxins......Page 267
NON-ML-RELATED IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WHOLE PLANT EXTRACTS......Page 269
CONCLUDING REMARKS/FUTURE ASPECTS......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 274