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دسته بندی: کسب و کار ویرایش: 16th نویسندگان: James D. Gwartney et al. سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781305506893 ناشر: سال نشر: 0 تعداد صفحات: 514 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 25 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Microeconomics- Private and Public Choice به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب اقتصاد خرد - انتخاب خصوصی و عمومی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
خوانندگان می آموزند که چگونه مفاهیم اقتصاد خرد را در دنیای اطراف خود به کار ببرند. این کتاب بسیار خواندنی و بهروز به تحلیل و تشریح معیارهای فعالیت اقتصادی در بازار امروز میپردازد. همچنین رکود 2008-2009 را برجسته می کند و نگاهی عمیق به زندگی و مشارکت اقتصاددانان برجسته دارد. این کتاب جذاب افسانه های رایج اقتصادی را از بین می برد. این کتاب همچنین از استعاره دست نامرئی برای توضیح نظریه اقتصادی استفاده می کند و نشان می دهد که چگونه برای تحریک اقتصاد کار می کند. توجه مهم: محتوای رسانهای که در توضیحات محصول یا متن محصول ارجاع شده است ممکن است در نسخه کتاب الکترونیکی موجود نباشد.
Readers learn how to apply microeconomic concepts to the world around them as MICROECONOMICS: PRIVATE AND PUBLIC CHOICE, 16E reflects current economic conditions. This highly readable, up-to-date book analyzes and explains measures of economic activity in today’s market. It also highlights the recession of 2008-2009 and takes an in-depth look at the lives and contributions of notable economists. This engaging book dispels common economic myths. The book also uses the invisible hand metaphor to explain economic theory, demonstrating how it works to stimulate the economy. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 21
About the Authors......Page 23
Part 1: The Economic Way of Thinking......Page 24
Chapter 1: The Economic Approach......Page 25
1-1 What Is Economics About......Page 27
1-1a Scarcity and Poverty Are Not the Same......Page 28
1-1c The Method of Rationing Influences the Nature of Competition......Page 29
1-2a Eight Guideposts to Economic Thinking......Page 30
1-4a Violation of the Ceteris Paribus Condition Can Lead One to Draw the Wrong Conclusion......Page 36
1-4b Good Intentions Do Not Guarantee Desirable Outcomes......Page 37
1-4d The Fallacy of Composition: What’s True for One Might Not Be True for All......Page 38
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 39
Chapter 2: Some Tools of the Economist......Page 41
2-1a Opportunity Cost......Page 42
2-1b Opportunity Cost and the Real World......Page 43
2-2 Trade Creates Value......Page 44
2-2b The Middleman as a Cost Reducer......Page 45
2-3 The Importance of Property Rights......Page 46
2-3a Private Ownership and Markets......Page 49
2-4 Production Possibilities Curve......Page 51
2-4a Shifting the Production Possibilities Curve Outward......Page 53
2-4b Production Possibilities and Economic Growth......Page 55
2-5a Gains from Specialization and Division of Labor......Page 56
2-5c Gains from Innovation......Page 57
2-6 Human Ingenuity and the Creation of Wealth......Page 58
2-7b Political Organization......Page 59
Key Points......Page 60
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 61
Comparative Advantage, Specialization, and Gains from Trade......Page 62
Part 2: Markets and Government......Page 64
Chapter 3: Demand, Supply, and the Market Process......Page 65
3-1 Consumer Choice and the Law of Demand......Page 66
3-1a The Market Demand Schedule......Page 67
3-1b Consumer Surplus......Page 68
3-1c Responsiveness of Quantity Demanded to Price Changes: Elastic and Inelastic Demand Curves......Page 69
3-2 Changes in Demand versus Changes in Quantity Demanded......Page 70
3-3 Producer Choice and the Law ofSupply......Page 74
3-3a The Role of Profits and Losses......Page 75
3-3c Market Supply Schedule......Page 76
3-3d Producer Surplus......Page 77
3-3e Responsiveness of Quantity Supplied to Price Changes: Elastic and Inelastic Supply Curves......Page 78
3-4 Changes in Supply versus Changes inQuantity Supplied......Page 79
3-5 How Market Prices Are Determined: Demand and Supply Interact......Page 80
3-5a Market Equilibrium......Page 81
3-5b Efficiency and Market Equilibrium......Page 82
3-6 How Markets Respond to Changes inDemand and Supply......Page 84
3-6a Invisible Hand Principle......Page 86
3-6b Prices and Market Order......Page 87
3-6c Competition and Property Rights......Page 88
Key Points......Page 89
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 90
Chapter 4: Demand and Supply: Applications and Extensions......Page 91
4-1 The Link between Resource and Product Markets......Page 92
4-2 The Economics of Price Controls......Page 93
4-2a The Impact of Price Ceilings......Page 94
4-2b Rent Control: A Closer Look at a Price Ceiling......Page 96
4-2c The Impact of Price Floors......Page 97
4-2d Minimum Wage: A Closer Look at a Price Floor......Page 98
4-4 The Impact of a Tax......Page 101
4-4b Actual versus Statutory Incidence......Page 103
4-4c Elasticity and the Incidence of a Tax......Page 104
4-5 Tax Rates, Tax Revenues, and the Laffer Curve......Page 106
4-6 The Impact of a Subsidy......Page 110
4-6b Real-World Subsidy Programs......Page 111
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 113
Chapter 5: Difficult Cases for the Market, and the Role of Government......Page 115
5-1 A Closer Look at Economic Efficiency......Page 116
5-2 If It’s Worth Doing, It’s Worth Doing Imperfectly......Page 117
5-3a Protective Function of Government......Page 118
5-4a Lack of Competition......Page 119
5-4c External Costs......Page 121
5-4d External Benefits......Page 123
5-4e Public Goods and Why They Pose a Problem for the Market......Page 125
5-4f Potential Information Problems......Page 126
5-4g Information as a Profit Opportunity......Page 127
5-5 Market and Government Failure......Page 129
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 130
Chapter 6: The Economics of Political Action......Page 132
6-1 The Size and Growth of the U.S. Government......Page 133
6-2 Similarities and Differences between Political and Market Allocation......Page 135
6-3 Political Decision-Making: An Overview......Page 136
6-3a Incentives Confronted by the Voter......Page 137
6-3b Incentives Confronted by the Politician......Page 138
6-3c Incentives Confronted by the Government Bureaucrat......Page 139
6-4 When the Political Process Works Well......Page 140
6-5a Special-Interest Effect......Page 142
6-5c Rent-seeking......Page 146
6-5d Inefficiency of Government Operations......Page 147
6-6 Political Favoritism, Crony Capitalism, and Government Failure......Page 148
6-7 The Economic Way of Thinking about Markets and Government......Page 150
Key Points......Page 151
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 152
Part 3: Core Microeconomics......Page 154
Chapter 7: Consumer Choice and Elasticity......Page 155
7-1 Fundamentals of Consumer Choice......Page 156
7-2 Marginal Utility, Consumer Choice, and the Demand Curve of an Individual......Page 157
7-2a Consumer Equilibrium with Many Goods......Page 159
7-2c Time Costs and Consumer Choice......Page 160
7-2d Market Demand Reflects the Demand of Individual Consumers......Page 161
7-3 Elasticity of Demand......Page 162
7-3a Graphic Representation of Price Elasticity of Demand......Page 164
7-3b How Large Are the Demand Elasticities of Various Products......Page 165
7-3c Why Do the Price Elasticities of Demand Vary......Page 166
7-4 How Demand Elasticity and Price Changes Affect Total Expenditures (orRevenues) on a Product......Page 168
7-5 Income Elasticity......Page 169
7-6 Price Elasticity of Supply......Page 170
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 171
Chapter 8: Costs and the Supply of Goods......Page 173
8-1a Incentives, Cooperation, and the Nature of the Firm......Page 174
8-1b Three Types of Business Firms......Page 175
8-2 How Well Does the Corporate Structure Work......Page 176
8-3a Calculating Economic Costs and Profits......Page 177
8-4 Short-Run and Long-Run Time Periods......Page 178
8-5 Categories of Costs......Page 179
8-6 Output and Costs in the Short Run......Page 181
8-6a Diminishing Returns and Production in the Short Run......Page 182
8-6b Diminishing Returns and the Shape of the Cost Curves......Page 184
8-7a Economies and Diseconomies of Scale......Page 186
8-7b Alternative Shapes of the LRATC......Page 189
8-8a Prices of Resources......Page 190
8-9a What Are Sunk Costs......Page 191
Looking Ahead......Page 193
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 194
Chapter 9: Price Takers and the Competitive Process......Page 196
9-2 What Are the Characteristics of Price-Taker Markets......Page 197
9-3 How Does the Price Taker Maximize Profit......Page 199
9-3a Profit Maximizing—A Numeric Example......Page 200
9-3b Losses and When to Go Out of Business......Page 201
9-4 The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve......Page 203
9-6 Price and Output in Price-Taker Markets......Page 204
9-6a Long-Run Equilibrium......Page 205
9-6b How Will the Market Respond to an Increase in Demand......Page 206
9-6c How Will the Market Respond to a Decrease in Demand......Page 207
9-6d The Long-Run Market Supply Curve......Page 208
9-6e Supply Elasticity and the Role of Time......Page 209
9-7 The Role of Profits and Losses......Page 210
9-8 Competition Promotes Prosperity......Page 211
Looking Ahead......Page 212
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 213
Chapter 10: Price-Searcher Markets with Low Entry Barriers......Page 216
10-1a Price and Output in Competitive Price-Searcher Markets......Page 217
10-2 Contestable Markets and the Competitive Process......Page 220
10-3 Evaluating Competitive Price-Searcher Markets......Page 221
10-4 A Special Case: Price Discrimination......Page 223
10-5 Entrepreneurship and Economic Progress......Page 225
10-5a Dynamic Competition, Innovation, and Business Failures......Page 228
Looking Ahead......Page 230
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 231
Chapter 11: Price-Searcher Markets with High Entry Barriers......Page 234
11-1b Government Licensing and Other Legal Barriers to Entry......Page 235
11-2 Characteristics of a Monopoly......Page 236
11-2a Price and Output under Monopoly......Page 237
11-3b Substantial Economies of Scale......Page 240
11-4 Price and Output under Oligopoly......Page 241
11-4a The Incentive to Collude...and to Cheat......Page 242
11-4b Obstacles to Collusion......Page 244
11-4c Uncertainty and Oligopoly......Page 245
11-6 Defects of Markets with High Entry Barriers......Page 247
11-7a Antitrust Policy and Controlling the Structure of an Industry......Page 248
11-7c Regulate the Price......Page 249
11-7d Problems with Regulation......Page 250
11-7f Pulling It Together......Page 253
Looking Ahead......Page 254
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 255
Chapter 12: The Supply of and Demand for Productive Resources......Page 257
12-2 The Demand for Resources......Page 259
12-2b Substitution in Consumption......Page 260
12-2d Shifts in the Demand for a Resource......Page 261
12-3a Using a Variable Resource with a Fixed Resource......Page 263
12-3c Multiple Resources and How Much to Use of Each......Page 265
12-3e Cost Minimization When Multiple Resources Are Used......Page 266
12-4 The Supply of Resources......Page 267
12-4a Short-Run versus Long-Run Resource Supply......Page 268
12-4b Short-Run Supply......Page 269
12-5 Supply, Demand, and Resource Prices......Page 270
12-5a The Coordinating Function of Resource Prices......Page 271
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 273
Chapter 13: Earnings, Productivity, and the Job Market......Page 275
13-1a Earnings Differentials Due to Nonidentical Workers......Page 276
13-1c Earnings Differentials Due to the Immobility of Labor......Page 281
13-1d Sources of Wage Differentials: A Summary......Page 282
13-2 The Economics of Employment Discrimination......Page 284
13-2a How Much Impact Does Employment Discrimination Have on Earnings......Page 285
13-3 The Link between Productivity and Earnings......Page 286
13-3a Productivity and Compensation: Measurement Problems......Page 287
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 290
Chapter 14: Investment, the Capital Market, and the Wealth of Nations......Page 292
14-1 Why People Invest......Page 293
14-2a How Interest Rates Are Determined......Page 294
14-2c Interest Rates and Risk......Page 296
14-3 The Present Value of Future Income and Costs......Page 297
14-4 Present Value, Profitability, and Investment......Page 299
14-4b Investors and Corporate Investments......Page 300
14-5 Investing in Human Capital......Page 301
14-6 Uncertainty, Entrepreneurship, and Profit......Page 302
14-6a Returns to Physical and Human Capital......Page 304
14-7 Why Is the Capital Market So Important......Page 305
Key Points......Page 307
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 308
Chapter 15: Income Inequality and Poverty......Page 309
15-1 How Much Income Inequality Exists in the United States......Page 310
15-1a The Factors Affecting Income Distribution......Page 311
15-1b Why Has Income Inequality Increased......Page 314
15-2 Income Mobility and Inequality in Economic Status......Page 315
15-3 Poverty in the United States......Page 317
15-3a Transfer Payments and the Poverty Rate......Page 318
15-3b Why Haven’t Anti-Poverty Programs Been More Effective......Page 320
15-4 Income Inequality: Some Concluding Thoughts......Page 322
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 325
Part 4: International Economics......Page 328
Chapter 16: Gaining from International Trade......Page 329
16-1 The Trade Sector of the United States......Page 330
16-2 Gains from Specialization and Trade......Page 331
16-2a How Trade Expands Consumption Possibilities......Page 333
16-2b Some Real-World Considerations......Page 335
16-3 Supply, Demand, and International Trade......Page 337
16-4a The Economics of Tariffs......Page 339
16-4b The Economics of Quotas......Page 340
16-5a The National-Defense Argument......Page 342
16-5d Special Interests and the Politics of Trade Restrictions......Page 343
16-6a Trade Fallacy 1: Trade Restrictions that Limit Imports Save Jobs and Expand Employment......Page 346
16-6b Trade Fallacy 2: Free Trade with Low-Wage Countries Like Mexico and China will Reduce the Wages of Americans......Page 347
16-7 Institutions and the Changing Nature of Global Trade......Page 348
Key Points......Page 349
Critical Analysis Questions......Page 350
Part 5: Applying the Basics: Special Topics in Economics......Page 352
Special Topic 1: Government Spending and Taxation......Page 353
Special Topic 2: The Economics of Social Security......Page 368
Special Topic 3: The Stock Market: Its Function, Performance, and Potential as an Investment Opportunity......Page 378
Special Topic 4: Keynes and Hayek: Contrasting Views on Sound Economics and the Role of Government......Page 388
Special Topic 5: The Great Recession of 2008–2009: Causes and Response......Page 394
Special Topic 6: Lessons from the Great Depression......Page 409
Special Topic 7: The Economics of Health Care......Page 423
Special Topic 8: Earnings Differences between Men and Women......Page 436
Special Topic 9: Do Labor Unions Increase the Wages of Workers......Page 443
Special Topic 10: The Question of Resource Exhaustion......Page 454
Special Topic 11: Difficult Environmental Cases and the Role of Government......Page 465
Appendix A: General Business and Economics Indicators for the United States......Page 474
Appendix B: Answers to Selected Critical Analysis Questions......Page 481
Glossary......Page 493
Index......Page 500