Microbial biotechnology in agriculture and aquaculture. / Vol. 2

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE—(Volume II)......Page 2
Copyright
......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 10
PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING......Page 14
BACTERIA AS A SOURCE OF TOOLS FOR GENE ISOLATION, CLONING AND RECONSTRUCTION......Page 15
Restriction Endonucleases......Page 16
GENE TRANSFER TO PLANT CELLS - THE ROLE OF AGROBACTERIUM......Page 17
Recognition and Chemotactic Binding of Bacteria to Plant Cells......Page 19
Bacterial Response and T-DNA Packaging......Page 20
T-DNA Tagging and Gene Cloning......Page 22
MICROBES AS THE DIRECT SOURCE OF USEFUL GENES......Page 24
Herbicide Resistance......Page 25
Insect Resistance......Page 26
Protection Against Pathogens......Page 27
Symbiotic Interactions......Page 29
Metabolic Engineering......Page 30
Protection against Transgene Escape......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
Objectives......Page 38
CURRENT SITUATION IN AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 39
PREPARATION AND SYNTHESIS OF GENETICALLY 
MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)......Page 41
APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE/HORTICULTURE......Page 46
Detection Methods......Page 54
Unintended Effects of GMOs......Page 55
TOXICITY STUDIES PERFORMED WITH GM FOOD CROPS......Page 58
CONSUMERS' BELIEFS TOWARDS GMO
-DIFFERENCES AMONG OUNTRIES......Page 59
Consumer Safety......Page 62
Post-marketing Monitoring......Page 65
Legislation......Page 66
Labelling......Page 68
Bioethics......Page 74
CONCLUSION......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 78
INTRODUCTION......Page 90
3. Genus Mesorhizobium......Page 91
6. Genus Rhizobium......Page 92
Strain Selection......Page 94
Soil Water......Page 96
Nutritional Factors......Page 97
Soil pH
......Page 98
Expolysaccharide and Cell Surface......Page 99
Genes Influencing Efficiency of Nodulation......Page 100
Antirhizobial Compounds and Related Substances......Page 102
Genes Influencing Ejjficiency on N2-Fixation and Hydrogen (H2
) Uptake System......Page 103
1. Mass Culture......Page 104
2. Carrier Preparation......Page 106
3. Factors Affecting the Scale of Inoculant Production......Page 108
NifTAL's Micro Production Unit (MPLI)......Page 110
Application of Rhizobium Inoculant......Page 112
2. Genetic Analysis of Competitiveness and New Techniques for Monitoring Introduced Rhizobia in Soil......Page 114
CONCLUSION......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 118
IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHORUS FOR PLANTS......Page 124
PHOSPHORUS FORMS IN SOIL......Page 127
Soil Phosphorus Mobility......Page 129
Possibilities of Phosphorus Mobilization......Page 130
Solubilization of Mineral Phosphate......Page 131
Factors Affecting P-solubilization......Page 133
P-solubilizing Bacteria......Page 138
P-solubilizing Fungi......Page 141
Role of P-solubilizing Soil Microflora in Plant Nutrition......Page 142
Determination of P-solubilizing Activity of Microorganisms......Page 143
Inoculation......Page 144
Combined Inoculation......Page 145
Cornposting of Raw Phosphates......Page 146
Commercial Inoculant Preparations......Page 147
GENETICS OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA......Page 150
Future Perspective of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
INTRODUCTION......Page 160
AZOSPIRILLUM BIOFERTILIZER......Page 162
AZOLLA BIOFERTILIZER......Page 164
Mass Production of Azolla Biomass......Page 165
Inoculation of Fresh Biomass of Azolla......Page 166
Application of Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop......Page 167
Distribution of BGA in Indian Soils......Page 169
Algal Inoculation to Rice Crop......Page 170
Induction of Native BGA......Page 171
Stress Tolerant Cyanobacteria......Page 172
Immobilization of Cyanobacteria......Page 173
Systemic Fungicides on Ammonia Production......Page 175
Nitrogen Regulation In Rice By Immobilized Cyanobacteria......Page 176
SESBANIA ROSTRATA......Page 177
Characteristics of the Symbiont Azorhizobium caulinodans......Page 179
Seed/Foliar Application of S. rostrata
......Page 181
Stem Nodulation and N2-Fixation in S. rostrata
......Page 182
Xylem Colonization by A. caulinodans in S. rostrata......Page 184
A. caulinodans......Page 185
A. caulinodans......Page 186
Pre-requisites for an Endophytic Relationship......Page 189
Para-nodulation by A. caulinodans......Page 190
Structure of Para-nodules......Page 191
Effect of Growth Regulators and Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes on Induction of Para-nodules in Rice......Page 192
Xylem Colonization by A. caulinodans in Rice......Page 193
PHOSPHOBACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZER......Page 194
Genetic Modification of Host Plant......Page 195
Endophytic Colonization by A. caulinodans......Page 187
CONCLUSION......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
INTRODUCTION......Page 216
ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 217
PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING BACTERIA AND ACC DEAMINASE......Page 219
Flower Wilting......Page 221
Fruit Ripening......Page 222
Nodulation......Page 224
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ACC DEAMINASE ON PLANTS......Page 225
Flooding......Page 226
Xenobiotics......Page 227
Metals......Page 228
Drought......Page 230
Pathogens......Page 231
GENOMICS IN PLANT DISEASE AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 235
INTRODUCTION......Page 242
Analysis of Complete Genomes......Page 244
Symbiotic Genes......Page 247
Nodulation Genes......Page 248
N2-fixation Genes......Page 249
Stress Genes......Page 250
Temperature stress......Page 251
Salt Stress......Page 253
Strain Identification......Page 254
Genetic Diversity and Strain Differentiation......Page 255
GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS......Page 258
GENETIC MODIFICATION......Page 260
CONCLUSION......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
INTRODUCTION......Page 278
Phytoplankton......Page 279
Aerobic Decomposition......Page 282
Anaerobic Decomposition......Page 283
FACTORS CONTROLLING BACTERIA IN PONDS......Page 291
ENZYMES......Page 294
THE ARGUMENT FOR MICROBIAL PRODUCTS......Page 295
STUDIES OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTS......Page 296
CONCLUSION......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
INTRODUCTION......Page 304
USING ECOTECHNOLOGY TO QUANTIFY FISH FARMING SYSTEMS......Page 305
TOWARDS A SELF-CONTAINING ECOLOGY......Page 306
THE CONTENT OF ECOLOGY......Page 307
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS......Page 308
CONNECTION TO OTHER TECHNOLOGIES......Page 309
QUANTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN RESOURCE CONSUMPTION......Page 311
ECOTECHNOLOGICAL ONFARM SURVEY......Page 312
NITROGEN CYCLING IN FISH-CUM-LIVESTOCK ECOSYSTEMS......Page 314
WATER AND SEDIMENT NITROGEN COMPARTMENT
......Page 315
NITROGEN TRANSFER RATES......Page 317
NITROGEN CYCLING AND RETENTION......Page 319
ENVIRONMENTAL COST OF AQUACULTURE ON HUNGARIAN LOWLAND......Page 321
POTENTIAL OF AUQACCILTURE VERSUS AGRICULTURE......Page 322
FARM INPUT AND CONSUMABLE OUTPUT......Page 324
ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF FARMING......Page 326
ENERGY COST OF AQUACLTLTLTRE
......Page 328
RECONSTRUCTION OF FLOODPLAIN AQUACULTURE......Page 329
CONCLUSION......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
INTRODUCTION......Page 336
MARINE MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY......Page 337
MARINE ECOLOGY......Page 339
STATUS OF AQUACULTURE SECTOR......Page 340
PRESENT STATUS OF AQUATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 342
Non-conventional Products from the Seas......Page 343
Pharmaceuticals......Page 344
Enzymes......Page 346
Biomolecular Materials
......Page 347
Biopesticides......Page 349
Biomass for Energy Production......Page 350
Bioprocessing......Page 351
Aquaculture......Page 353
Improving Broodstock Management Practices......Page 354
Health Care......Page 355
Enhancing Biomedical Models......Page 357
CHALLENGES - MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 358
Research and Development......Page 359
CONCLUSION......Page 361
REFERENCES......Page 362
INTRODUCTION......Page 370
Herbicides......Page 372
S-TRIAZINES......Page 373
BIODEGARADABILITY OF ATRAZINE......Page 376
DEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE BY DIFFERENT BACTERIA AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ATRAZINE DEGRADING GENES......Page 378
ATRAZINE DEGRADING ENZYMES......Page 381
Amidohydrolase Superfamily......Page 383
BIOREMEDIATION OF ATRAZINE FROM CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS......Page 386
BIOREACTOR FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF ATRAZINE AND NITRATES FROM POLLUTED GROUNDWATER - CASE STUDY......Page 387
REFERENCES......Page 397
Stem or Bast Fibres......Page 404
Introduction......Page 405
Definition of Retting......Page 406
Covering and Steeping......Page 407
Extraction of Fibre......Page 409
Factors Which AfSect Retting......Page 411
Quality of Fibre......Page 412
Advantages of Ribboning......Page 413
Various Types of Ribboner......Page 414
Retting and Environment......Page 415
Upgradation of Low Quality Barky Jute at Industrial Level......Page 416
Upgradation of Low Quality Jute by FungalCulture at Rural Level......Page 417
Roselle (H. sabdariffa)......Page 418
Introduction......Page 419
Harvest and Extraction......Page 420
Harvest and Extraction......Page 421
Harvest and Extraction......Page 422
Introduction......Page 423
MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF RETTING......Page 424
CONCLUSION......Page 425
REFERENCES......Page 426
Barley Beers......Page 428
Types of Barley Beers......Page 429
Raw Materials for Brewing......Page 430
I . Malting......Page 433
2. Milling of Malt......Page 434
Starch Breakdown During Mashing......Page 435
4. Mashing Methods......Page 436
Mash Separation and Boiling......Page 438
6. Fermentation......Page 439
7. Lagering (Bottom-fermented Beers) and Treatment (Top-fermented Beers)......Page 440
8. Packaging......Page 441
Sorghum (and Maize) Beers......Page 442
Fermentation......Page 443
"Burukutu" and "Pito"......Page 444
"Talla" (tella)......Page 447
"Busaa"......Page 448
"Agadagidi"......Page 449
Obtaining the Sap......Page 450
Biochemistry of the Conversion of Palm Sap to Palm Wine......Page 451
The Future of Traditional African Alcoholic Beverages......Page 452
Crushing of Grapes......Page 454
Control of Fermentation......Page 455
Ageing and Storage......Page 456
Classification of Wines......Page 458
Measurement of the Alcoholic Strength of Distilled......Page 462
Fermentation......Page 463
Coffey (patent) Still......Page 464
Whisky......Page 465
Gin, Vodka and Schnapps......Page 466
CONCLUSION......Page 467
REFERENCES......Page 468
General Aspects......Page 470
The Role of Biotechnology in Broodstock Management......Page 471
Control and Induction of Maturation and Spawning......Page 472
Disease Resistance......Page 473
Techniques That Are Available and How They Can Be Applied......Page 474
Production of Monophyletic Populations......Page 475
Handling chromosome set......Page 477
Triploidy......Page 479
Polylpoidy
......Page 480
Gynogenesis......Page 481
Biochemical and Molecular Markers......Page 482
Marker Assisted Selection......Page 484
TRANSGENIC FISH......Page 485
Records of Transgenic Fish......Page 487
Gene Expression, Isolation and Cloning......Page 488
Gene Transfer and Technology......Page 491
Presence of GM in Fish Feed......Page 494
Transgenic Fish and Regulation......Page 497
APPROACH OF FAO, FDA AND EU TOWARDS FISH SAFETY AND FISH FEED SAFETY......Page 498
US - FDA......Page 499
EU laws for undesirable substances and dioxins......Page 501
EU Legislation for Heavy Metals and Sampling Methods in FoodstufSs......Page 504
EU Legislation for GM......Page 505
EU Sets Out Food Traceability Guidelines......Page 507
TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT......Page 508
Traceability in Fish Processing......Page 509
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)......Page 512
Consumers' Behaviour towards GM Fish......Page 513
CONCLUSION......Page 516
REFERENCES......Page 517
INTRODUCTION......Page 528
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES AND THEIR TYPES (BERTON, 2005)......Page 529
DEGRADATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE......Page 530
Organic Chemicals......Page 531
BIOPROCESSING OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS......Page 532
Solid State Fermentation (SSF)......Page 533
Submerged Fermentation (SF)......Page 535
MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR MUSHROOM PRODUCTION......Page 536
Strain Selection and Maintenance......Page 537
(b) Steps in spawn production:......Page 538
Oudemansiella tanzanica nom. prov. mushroom......Page 539
Properties of SCP (Israelidis, 2003)......Page 540
Nutritional Value of SCP......Page 541
SCP from Starchy Crops......Page 542
Economic Problems......Page 543
Food Enzymes......Page 544
Feed Enzymes......Page 546
MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF FOOD ADDITIVES......Page 547
Acidulents......Page 549
Bacteriocins......Page 551
Enzymatic Removal of Oxygen......Page 552
Microbial Stabilizers, Thickeners and Gelling Agents......Page 553
Scleroglucan......Page 554
Xanthan......Page 555
Esters......Page 556
Pyrazines......Page 557
Natural Food Colours......Page 558
Microbial Sweeteners......Page 559
REFERENCES......Page 560
Index......Page 570