Membrane processes A technology guide

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Prologue......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
1.1 Membrane Technology - What is it?......Page 14
1.2 The Development of Membrane Technology......Page 16
1.3 The Driving Forces of Separation......Page 19
1.5 Performance Limits......Page 21
1.6.1 Introduction......Page 23
1.6.3 Homogenous Microporous Membranes......Page 25
1.6.4 Asymmetric Membranes......Page 26
1.6.5 Composite Membranes......Page 27
1.6.6 Ceramic Membranes......Page 29
1.7 Quality, Productivity, and Life......Page 30
1.8 References......Page 31
2.2 Pressure Driven Processes......Page 33
2.3 Electrically Driven Processes......Page 41
2.4 Thermally Driven Processes......Page 47
2.5 Concentration Driven Processes - Dialysis......Page 49
2.6 References......Page 51
3.1 Introduction......Page 53
3.2 Plate and Frame......Page 54
3.3 Spiral......Page 55
3.4 Hollow Fibre Designs......Page 60
3.5 Tubular Designs......Page 62
3.6 Packaging Selection......Page 63
3.7 References......Page 65
4.1 Introduction......Page 67
4.2 Productivity......Page 68
4.3 Product Quality/Selectivity......Page 69
4.5 Recovery, Stage Cut, Yield......Page 74
4.6 Volume Reduction, Concentration Factor......Page 75
4.7 Membrane/Element Characterisation......Page 77
4.8 References......Page 78
5.2 Osmosis......Page 79
5.3 Rheology......Page 82
5.4 Sedimentation......Page 85
5.5.1 Brownian Motion......Page 87
5.5.3 Shear Induced Diffusion......Page 88
5.5.4 Diffusion of Gases......Page 89
5.6 Electrical Double-Layer......Page 90
5.7.2 Hydrophilicitymydrophobicity......Page 94
5. 7.3 Surface Charge and Zeta Potentials......Page 97
5.7.4 Adsorption......Page 98
5.8.2 Filtration through Microporous Structures......Page 99
5.8.3 Transport Through Dense Films - RO......Page 102
5.8.4 Gas Separation......Page 106
5.9 References......Page 108
6.1 Introduction......Page 110
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 111
6.2.2 Concentration Polarisation in Laminar Flow......Page 112
6.2.3 SherwDDd Number......Page 117
6.2.4 Spacers, Turbulence Promotion, and Turbulence......Page 118
6.3 Gel Polarisation/Flux Limitation......Page 119
6.4 Polarisation in a Dialysis Process......Page 122
6.5 Summary......Page 123
6.6 References......Page 124
7.1 Introduction......Page 126
7.2.1 Introduction......Page 129
7.2.2 Plugging and Coating......Page 130
7.2.3 Particulate and Colloidal Fouling......Page 131
7.2.4 Precipitates......Page 133
7.3.1 Introduction......Page 134
7.3.2 Pre-treatment PrDcesses......Page 136
7.3.3 Design......Page 139
7.3.4 Operational......Page 141
7.4 Membrane Failure Mechanisms......Page 146
7 .5 Membrane Storage......Page 150
7.6 Leachables......Page 151
7.7 References......Page 152
8.1.1 Introduction......Page 153
8.1.3 Continuous Processes......Page 154
8.1.4 DiaRltratiDn......Page 157
8.2.1 Introduction......Page 159
8.2.3 Feed CharacterisatiDn, and Membrane SelectlDn......Page 160
8.2.4 Experimental trials......Page 162
8.2.5 Efltimation of membrane area requirement......Page 163
B.2.7 Module arrangement......Page 165
8.3.1 General......Page 166
8.3.2 CentriNgal pumps......Page 167
8.3.4 Optimum Recirculation Rate......Page 169
8.3.5 Pressure Drop Calculation......Page 170
8.3.6 Power Consumption Estimation......Page 172
8.4.1 System Configurations......Page 173
8.4.2 Types of Operations & Process Selection......Page 175
8.4.4 Heat Generation & Temperature Profile......Page 177
8.4.5 Process control & Instrumentation......Page 178
8.4.6 Materials 0' construction......Page 179
8.4.7 Protective System & Relief Policies......Page 180
8.5.3 Plant Control......Page 181
8.5.5 Maintenance......Page 182
8.5.6 Cleaning......Page 183
8.6 References......Page 184
9.1.1 Factors ANecting An Investment Decision......Page 185
9.1.2 Cash Flows......Page 186
9.1.3 DepreciatiDn & Taxes......Page 187
9.1.4 Working Capital......Page 188
9.2.1 Types and Accuracy 0' Estimates......Page 190
9.2.3 Scaling From Previous Estimates......Page 193
9.2.4 Costing By Percentage Factors......Page 194
9.3 Operating cost estimation......Page 195
9.4.2 Pay-Back Period......Page 198
9.4.4 Net Present Value......Page 199
9.5 Finance......Page 202
9.6.1 Issues of Scale Changes......Page 203
9.6.2 Energy and Exergy......Page 204
9.6.3 Optimum Current Density for Electrodialysis......Page 205
9.7 Examples......Page 206
9.8 References......Page 214
10.1 Objective of surface water treatment......Page 215
10.2 Traditional approach to water treatment......Page 216
10.3 Membrane approach to water treatment......Page 219
10.4 Nanofiltration......Page 222
10.5 Ultrafiltration......Page 224
10.6.1 Introduction......Page 227
10.6.2 MF in Colour/ Turbidity treatment Without the Use 0' Chemical Coagulants......Page 228
10.6.3 Combined Coagulation And Microfiltration......Page 229
10.6.4 Experience Of Microbial Removal By MF......Page 233
10.7 Some technical and economic considerations......Page 234
10.8 References......Page 235
11.1 Wastewater characteristics and need for treatment......Page 237
11.2.2 Micro-organisms Involved In Aerobic Wastewater Treatment......Page 240
11.2.3 Micro-organisms Involved In Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment......Page 241
11.3.1 Aerobic systems......Page 242
11.3.2 Anaerobic systems......Page 245
11.4.1 Introduction......Page 246
11.4.2 Opportunities for membrane use......Page 247
11.4.3 How membrane can be used with bioreactors......Page 248
11.5 Sludge thickening in anaerobic digestion......Page 250
11.6 Intensification of activated sludge process......Page 251
11.7 Kubota submerged membrane bio-reactor......Page 252
11.8 Tertiary solid capture......Page 255
11.9 References......Page 257
12.1 Sources of oily wastes......Page 259
12.2.1 Classification 0' oil dispersions......Page 261
12.2.2 The physics of an oil droplet in water......Page 263
12.3 Conventional treatments for oily wastewaters......Page 264
12.4 Emulsion splitting with UF and MF membranes......Page 265
12.5 COD reduction with RO membranes......Page 269
12.6 System Design......Page 270
12.7References......Page 271
13.1 Latex products and their uses......Page 273
13.2 Latex manufacture and wastewater generation......Page 276
13.3.1 Terminology......Page 278
13.3.3 Water-based Paints......Page 279
13.4 Conventional treatment for latex & paintwaste waters......Page 280
13.5.1 Electrocoat paint recovery......Page 282
13.5.2 Latex concentration and recovery......Page 284
13.5.3 Emulsion paint recovery......Page 287
13.6 Paint recovery - A case study......Page 289
13.7 References......Page 291
APPENDIX A - POLYMERIC MEMBRANE MATERIALS......Page 292
ANNEX B - Trade Names & Acronyms......Page 298
APPENDIX C - MEMBRANE PROCESSES GLOSSARY......Page 304
APPENDIX D - UNITS & CONVERSIONS......Page 307
APPENDIX E - MASS BALANCE EQUATIONS......Page 310
APPENDIX F - WATER......Page 320
APPENDIX G - WORLD WIDE WEB......Page 328
APPENDIX H - FLOW IN DUCTS......Page 329
Index......Page 331