Seeds for Diversity and Inclusion: Agroecology and Endogenous Development

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
1 Introduction: Thinking About Seeds
	1.1 Diverse Seeds Under Threat
	1.2 The Unprecedented Challenges Caused by Seed Extinctions
		1.2.1 Growing Malnutrition and Food Insecurity
		1.2.2 Unsustainable Food and Agricultural Systems
		1.2.3 Loss of Ecosystem Functions, Goods and Services
	1.3 The Politics of Seed Governance
		1.3.1 Domesticated/Cultivated Seed Plants
		1.3.2 Semi-Wild/Wild Seeded Plants
	1.4 The Actors and Institutions Governing Seeds
		1.4.1 The Prince: The State
		1.4.2 The Merchant: Seed Corporations
		1.4.3 The Citizen: Food Producers and Consumers
	References
2 Reclaiming Diverse Seed Commons Through Food Sovereignty, Agroecology and Economies of Care
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Food Sovereignty and Seeds
	2.3 Reinventing Modernity for Diverse Seed Commons
	2.4 How Agroecology Sustains Seed Diversity
	2.5 Reinventing an Economics of Care
		2.5.1 Access to Land, Seeds, Water and Other Means of Production
		2.5.2 Diverse Economies of Care for Diverse Seeds
	2.6 Deepening Democracy
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3 Integration of Endogenous Development Theory into the Study of Seed Governance
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 A Brief History of the Debates on Seed Systems
	3.3 The Diversification of Debates on Seed Systems and Governance
	3.4 Endogenous Development Theory: A ‘Third System’ for Understanding Development
	3.5 Approaches to Exploring Seed Governance and Expanding Perspectives on Seed Sovereignty
	References
4 Indigenous Seed Systems and Biocultural Heritage: The Andean Potato Park’s Approach to Seed Governance
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Indigenous Seed Systems as Biocultural Heritage
	4.3 The Potato Park’s Andean Seed System
	4.4 The Ayllu System of Andean Seed Governance
	4.5 Enriching Seed Heritage: Potato Repatriation and the Inter-Community Agreement
	4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
5 The Diversity of Seed-Saving Governance and Sharing Systems in contemporary Japan
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Traditional Farmers
	5.3 Non-Traditional Local Community Members
	5.4 Organic Farmers
	5.5 Lifestyle Farmers
	5.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
6 Seed System Dynamics and Crop Diversity of Chinbaung in Myanmar
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Chinbaung Diversity: Cultivation and Use
	6.3 How Farmers Use Chinbaung Seeds in Cultivation
	6.4 Cultivation and Seed Procurement Methods in Relation to Flooding
	6.5 Relationship Between Seed Distribution and the Shwe Kyun Pin Nat Festival
	6.6 The Role of Poe Yon, a Distinctive Stakeholder
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7 Organizations and Functions for Seed Management in East Asia: Korea, Japan and Taiwan
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Function of Non-Profits in Seed Conservation
	7.3 Seed-Conservation Non-Profits in Japan
		7.3.1 Home Seed Production
		7.3.2 Seed Collection and Conservation
		7.3.3 Seed Provision
		7.3.4 Food Processing and Sale
		7.3.5 Networking
	7.4 Non-Profits and Similar Organizations in South Korea
	7.5 Non-Profits in Taiwan
		7.5.1 Warren Kuo and His Networks
		7.5.2 Hope Market
	7.6 Comparison of the Three Countries and Regions
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Evolutionary Populations for Sustainable Food Security and Food Sovereignty
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Bringing Back Diversity in Farmers’ Fields: Participatory Plant Breeding
	8.3 From Participatory to Evolutionary Plant Breeding
	8.4 The Evolutionary Populations in Iran
	8.5 Smart Food from Iran’s Evolutionary Populations
	8.6 Evolutionary Populations in Other Countries
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
9 Adding Value to a Scottish Rye Landrace: Collaborative Research into New Artisanal Products
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Seed Sources and Seed Governance in the Highlands and Islands
	9.3 Lochaber’s Demand for New Rye Landraces
	9.4 Project Aims and Research Questions
		9.4.1 The Chosen Locations
		9.4.2 The Growing Trial in Lochaber
		9.4.3 Sensory Qualities, Nutritional Value and Product Testing
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Inside the Japanese Seed Industry: Its Characteristics and Implications for Agroecology
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Characteristics of the Japanese Seed Industry
	10.3 Small Seed Companies and Agroecology in Japan
	10.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
11 Bhutan’s ‘Middle Way’: Diversification, Mainstreaming, Commodification and Impacts in the Context of Food Security
	11.1 Introduction and Background
	11.2 A Country in Search of Its Own Path
	11.3 Diversification of Crop Production
	11.4 Mainstreaming and Commodification
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 The Third Way of Seed Governance: The Potential of the Seed Commoning in Japan
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Japan’s Formal Seed System and Its Turbulent History
	12.3 Critical Perspectives on the Public Seed System for Major Crops
	12.4 Seed Commons Practices Outside the Public Seed System
	12.5 Envisioning a Future of Seed “Commoning”
	References
13 Agroecology, Sovereignty and the Endogenous Development Perspective in Seed Governance and Management
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Agroecological Framing of Seed Governance Debates
	13.3 Putting Farmers First in Seed Governance and Management
	13.4 The Seed Commons and Endogenous Development
	13.5 Integrating Agroecology and Food Sovereignty into Seed Governance and Rural Development Realities
	References