Membrane Based Methods for Dye Containing Wastewater: Recent Advances

Contents
About the Editors
An Introduction to Membrane-Based Systems for Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Membrane Technology for Wastewater Treatment
		2.1 Microfiltration
		2.2 Ultrafiltration Membrane
		2.3 Nanofiltration Membrane
		2.4 Reverse Osmosis
		2.5 Forward Osmosis (FO)
	3 Membrane-Based Bioelectrochemical Cells
		3.1 Microbial Desalination Cell
		3.2 Osmotic Microbial Fuel Cell
		3.3 Pressurized Filtration–Microbial Fuel Cells
	4 Advantages and Limitations of Membrane-Based Methods
	5 Conclusions
	References
Technical Aspects of Nanofiltration for Dyes Wastewater Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Nanofiltration Membranes and Their Application in Dyes Treatment
	3 Modelling and Calculations for Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes
	4 Conclusions
	References
Application of Ultrafiltration Membrane Technology for Removal of Dyes from Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification, Sources, Occurrence and Health Effects of Dyes
		2.1 Natural Dyes
		2.2 Synthetic Dyes
	3 Fundamentals of a Membrane System in Ultrafiltration
		3.1 Advances in Membrane Technology
		3.2 UF Membrane Challenges
	4 Applications of Ultrafiltration Membrane for Removal of Dyes
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives in UF Membrane Applications for Dye Removal from Wastewater
	References
Progression and Application of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor for Dye Removal: An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Dyes Classification
	3 Dye Degradation Using Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor
		3.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis in Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution
		3.2 Design of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor (PMR)
	4 Selected Case Studies
		4.1 Photocatalytic Membrane Bioreactor (PMBR)
		4.2 C-TiO2-CFA/PAN Photocatalytic Membranes
		4.3 Solar Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor with Fe3+-Doped ZnO/polyester
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fibrous Membranes for Water Purification: Focusing on Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Features of Fibrous Membrane
	3 Factors Affecting Efficiency of Fibrous Membrane for Dye Removal
	4 Methods of Fibrous Membrane Fabrication
	5 Organic Polymer Membrane
		5.1 Polyacrylonitrile Composite Membrane
		5.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofibers
		5.3 Polyaniline Membrane
		5.4 Polydopamine Membrane
		5.5 Polyethylenimine Membrane
		5.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol Membrane
		5.7 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
		5.8 Miscellaneous Organic Membranes
	6 Metal–Organic Frame Work (MOF)
	7 Cyclodextrin (CD) Modified Membrane
	8 Cellulose Membrane
	9 Chitosan Composite Membrane
	10 Modification of Membrane with Protein
	11 Laccase Immobilized Membrane
	12 Biomass-Based Membrane Adsorbents
	13 Silica-Based Membrane
	14 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)-Modified Membrane
	15 Clay-Based Membrane
	16 Miscellaneous Membrane Materials
	17 Future Horizons
	References
Preparation and Application of Chitosan-Based Membrane: Focusing on Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan Biopolymer
		2.1 Preparation of Chitosan from Chitin
		2.2 Structure and Properties of Chitosan
	3 Chitosan-Based Membranes
		3.1 Definition
		3.2 Preparation
		3.3 Physicochemical Properties
		3.4 Types and Uses of Chitosan-Based Membranes
	4 Chitosan Composite Membranes
		4.1 Chitosan/Activated Carbon Membrane
		4.2 Chitosan/Carbon Nanotubes Membrane
		4.3 Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Membrane
		4.4 Chitosan/Nano Clay Membrane
		4.5 Chitosan/MgO Membrane
		4.6 Chitosan/Zeolite A Membrane
		4.7 Chitosan/Zinc Oxide Membrane
		4.8 Chitosan/Cellulose Nanocrystals Membrane
		4.9 Chitosan/Cellulose Nanofiber Membrane
	5 Methods of Characterization
		5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
		5.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
		5.5 X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
		5.6 Tensile Tests
		5.7 Contact Angle
		5.8 Porosity and Surface Area
	6 State-of-the-Art Review on Dye Removals Using Chitosan-Based Membranes
		6.1 Review on Dye Removals by Adsorption Technology
		6.2 Review on Regeneration and Reusability
		6.3 Review on Comparative Study
	7 Conclusion and Remarks
	References
Lignin-Based Membrane for Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview of Dye Removal
		1.2 Environment Concerns
		1.3 Lignin as Solution
		1.4 Azo Dyes
	2 Lignin
		2.1 Lignin Structure
		2.2 Properties of Lignin
		2.3 Types of Lignin
		2.4 Extraction Methods of Lignin
	3 Lignin-Based Materials
		3.1 Adsorption of Cationic Dyes
		3.2 Lignin-Based Hydrogels
		3.3 Lignin Membranes
	4 Dyes Degraded by Lignin Decomposing Enzymes
		4.1 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes
	5 Conclusions
	References
Metal–Organic Frameworks Membranes
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods for Dye Removal
		2.1 Biological Methods for Dye Removal
		2.2 Chemical Methods for Dye Removal
		2.3 Physical Methods for Dye Removal
		2.4 Adsorption Process as a Dye Removal Method
	3 MOF Boosted Membrane Technology
		3.1 (MOF-Plus) Membranes
		3.2 (MOF-As) Membranes
		3.3 (MOF-On) Membranes
		3.4 (MOF-In) Membranes
	4 Key Features for MOF Boosted Membranes
		4.1 Dispersibility
		4.2 Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity
		4.3 Stability
	5 Important Factors for MOFs in Membrane-Based Aqueous Solution Separations
	6 MOF-Based Membranes Design Strategies
		6.1 Continuous Method
		6.2 Composite System
	7 MOF Boosted Membranes Solution, Challenges, and Future Prospects
	8 Conclusion
	References
Polyethersulfone and Its Derivatives as Membrane Materials for Dye Removal from Water
	1 Membrane Filtration Technology in Dye Wastewater Treatment
		1.1 Polyethersulfone as Membrane Material for Dye Removal
	2 Modification of PES Membranes
		2.1 Modification of PES Membranes by Organic/Polymeric Molecules
		2.2 Modification of PES Membranes by Inorganic Molecules
		2.3 Modification of PES Membranes by Polymeric and Inorganic Molecules
		2.4 Modification of PES Membranes by Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
	3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Cross-Linked Polymer-Based Adsorbents and Membranes for Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Cross-Linked Polymers Based on Natural and Synthetic Polysaccharides: Starch, Chitosan, Cellulose, and Cyclodextrins
		2.1 Cross-Linked Systems Based on Cellulose
	3 Cross-Linked Systems Based on Starch
	4 Cross-Linked Systems Based on Chitosan
	5 Cross-Linked Systems Based on Cyclodextrins (CDs)
	6 Polymeric Composites and Synthetic Polymers
	7 Conclusion
	References
Ceramic Nanocomposite Membranes for Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Membrane Technologies
	3 Ceramic Membranes
		3.1 Structure and Properties of Ceramic Membranes
		3.2 Fabrication of Ceramic Membranes
		3.3 Hybrid Ceramic Membranes
	4 Membrane Processes
	5 Application of Ceramic Membranes in Dye Removal
	6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References