Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Wastewater Treatment Operations

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Flow, Velocity, and Pumping Calculations
	1.1 Velocity and Flow Calculations
		1.1.1 Flow through Pipe Flowing Less Than Full
	1.2 Flow and Velocity Practice Problems
	1.3 Pumping
	1.4 Basic Water Hydraulics Calculations
		1.4.1 Weight of Water
		1.4.2 Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Air
		1.4.3 Water at Rest
		1.4.4 Gauge Pressure
		1.4.5 Water in Motion
			1.4.5.1 Discharge
		1.4.6 Pipe Friction
	1.5 Basic Pumping Calculations
		1.5.1 Pumping Rates
		1.5.2 Calculating Head Loss
		1.5.3 Calculating Head
		1.5.4 Calculating Horsepower and Efficiency
			1.5.4.1 Hydraulic Horsepower (WHP)
			1.5.4.2 Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower (BHP)
		1.5.5 Specific Speed
	1.6 Positive Displacement Pumps
		1.6.1 Volume of Biosolids Pumped (Capacity)
Chapter 2 Preliminary Treatment Calculations
	2.1 Wet Well Capacity and Pumping Rate
	2.2 Screening
		2.2.1 Screenings Removal Calculations
		2.2.2 Screenings Pit Capacity Calculations
	2.3 Grit Removal
		2.3.1 Grit Removal Calculations
		2.3.2 Grit Channel Velocity Calculation
	2.4 Screenings and Grit Removal Practice Problems
Chapter 3 Primary Treatment Calculations
	3.1 Process Control Calculations
		3.1.1 Weir Overflow Rate (Weir Loading Rate)
		3.1.2 Biosolids Pumping
		3.1.3 BOD and SS Removed, Lb/Day
	3.2 Primary Treatment Practice Problems
Chapter 4 Trickling Filter Calculations
	4.1 Trickling Filter Process Calculations
		4.1.1 Hydraulic Loading Rate
		4.1.2 Organic Loading Rate
		4.1.3 BOD and SS Removed
		4.1.4 Recirculation Flow
	4.2 Trickling Filter Practice Problems
Chapter 5 Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)
	5.1 RBC Process Control Calculations
		5.1.1 Hydraulic Loading Rate
		5.1.2 Soluble BOD
		5.1.3 Organic Loading Rate
		5.1.4 Total Media Area
	5.2 RBC Practice Problems
Chapter 6 Activated Biosolids
	6.1 Activated Biosolids Process Control Calculations
		6.1.1 Moving Averages
		6.1.2 BOD or COD Loading
		6.1.3 Solids Inventory
		6.1.4 Food-to-Microorganism Ratio (F/M Ratio)
		6.1.5 Gould Biosolids Age
		6.1.6 Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT)
		6.1.7 Waste Rate in Million Gallons/Day
		6.1.8 Estimating Return Rates from SSV60
		6.1.9 Sludge Volume Index (SVI)
		6.1.10 Mass Balance: Settling Tank Suspended Solids
		6.1.11 Biosolids Waste Based upon Mass Balance
		6.1.12 Oxidation Ditch Detention Time
	6.2 Activated Biosolids Practice Problems
Chapter 7 Treatment Ponds
	7.1 Treatment Pond Parameters
		7.1.1 Determining Pond Area (Inches)
		7.1.2 Determining Pond Volume (Acre-Feet)
		7.1.3 Determining Flow Rate in Acre-Feet/Day
		7.1.4 Determining Flow Rate in Acre-Inches/Day
	7.2 Treatment Pond Process Control Calculations
		7.2.1 Hydraulic Detention Time, Days
		7.2.2 BOD Loading
		7.2.3 Organic Loading Rate
		7.2.4 BOD Removal Efficiency
		7.2.5 Population Loading
	7.3 Treatment Pond Practice Problems
Chapter 8 Chemical Dosage Calculations
	8.1 Chemical Dosing
		8.1.1 Chemical Feed Rate
		8.1.2 Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual
			8.1.2.1 Chlorine Dose
			8.1.2.2 Chlorine Demand
			8.1.2.3 Chlorine Residual
		8.1.3 Hypochlorite Dosage
		8.1.4 Chemical Solutions
		8.1.5 Mixing Solutions of Different Strength
		8.1.6 Solution Mixtures Target Percent Strength
		8.1.7 Solution Chemical Feeder Setting (GPD)
		8.1.8 Chemical Feed Pump—Percent Stroke Setting
		8.1.9 Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (ML/Min)
		8.1.10 Chemical Feed Calibration
		8.1.11 Average Use Calculations
	8.2 Chemical Dosage Practice Problems
Chapter 9 Biosolids Production and Pumping Calculations
	9.1 Process Residuals
	9.2 Primary and Secondary Solids Production Calculations
		9.2.1 Primary Clarifier Solids Production Calculations
		9.2.2 Secondary Clarifier Solids Production Calculation
	9.3 Percent Solids
	9.4 Biosolids Pumping
		9.4.1 Estimating Daily Biosolids Production
		9.4.2 Biosolids Production in Pounds/Million Gallons
		9.4.3 Biosolids Production in Wet Tons/Year
		9.4.4 Biosolids Pumping Time
		9.4.5 Biosolids Pumped/Day in Gallons
		9.4.6 Biosolids Pumped/Day in Pounds
		9.4.7 Solids Pumped/Day in Pounds
		9.4.8 Volatile Matter Pumped/Day in Pounds
		9.4.9 Pounds of Solids/Pounds of Volatile Solids/Day
	9.5 Biosolids Production and Pumping Practice Calculations
Chapter 10 Biosolids Thickening Calculations
	10.1 Thickening
	10.2 Gravity/Dissolved Air Flotation Thickener Calculations
		10.2.1 Estimating Daily Biosolids Production
		10.2.2 Surface Loading Rate, Gal/Day/Ft2
		10.2.3 Solids Loading Rate, Lb/Day/Ft2
		10.2.4 Concentration Factor (CF)
		10.2.5 Recycle Flow in Percent
	10.3 Centrifuge Thickening Calculations
	10.4 Biosolids Thickening Practice Problems
Chapter 11 Biosolids Digestion
	11.1 Biosolids Stabilization
	11.2 Aerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations
		11.2.1 Volatile Solids Loading in Lb/Ft3/Day
		11.2.2 Digestion Time (Day)
		11.2.3 pH Adjustment
	11.3 Anaerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations
		11.3.1 Required Seed Volume in Gallons
		11.3.2 Volatile-Acids-to-Alkalinity Ratio
		11.3.3 Biosolids Retention Time
		11.3.4 Estimated Gas Production in Cubic Feet/Day
		11.3.5 Volatile Matter Reduction in Percent
		11.3.6 Percent Moisture Reduction in Digested Biosolids
	11.4 Biosolids Digestion Practice Problems
Chapter 12 Biosolids Dewatering and Disposal
	12.1 Biosolids Dewatering
	12.2 Pressure Filtration Calculations
		12.2.1 Plate and Frame Press
			12.2.1.1 Solids Loading Rate
			12.2.1.2 Net Filter Yield
		12.2.2 Belt Filter Press
		12.2.3 Hydraulic Loading Rate
		12.2.4 Biosolids Feed Rate
		12.2.5 Solids Loading Rate
		12.2.6 Flocculant Feed Rate
		12.2.7 Flocculant Dosage
		12.2.8 Total Suspended Solids
	12.3 Rotary Vacuum Filter Dewatering Calculations
		12.3.1 Filter Loading
		12.3.2 Filter Yield
		12.3.3 Vacuum Filter Operating Time
		12.3.4 Percent Solids Recovery
	12.4 Sand Drying Bed Calculations
		12.4.1 Sand Drying Beds Process Control Calculations
		12.4.2 Total Biosolids Applied
		12.4.3 Solids Loading Rate
		12.4.4 Biosolids Withdrawal to Drying Beds
	12.5 Biosolids Disposal
		12.5.1 Land Application Calculations
		12.5.2 Disposal Cost
			12.5.2.1 Plant Available Nitrogen (PAN)
		12.5.3 Application Rate Based on Crop Nitrogen Requirement
		12.5.4 Metals Loading
		12.5.5 Maximum Allowable Applications Based upon Metals Loading
		12.5.6 Site Life Based on Metals Loading
	12.6 Biosolids to Compost
		12.6.1 Composting Calculations
			12.6.1.1 Blending Dewatered Biosolids with Composted Biosolids
			12.6.1.2 Compost Site Capacity Calculation
	12.7 Biosolids Dewatering and Disposal Practice Problems
Chapter 13 Wastewater Treatment Practice Calculations
	13.1 Additional Water/Wastewater Practice Problems
		13.1.1 Advanced Practice Problems
Appendix A: Answers Chapter 13, Wastewater Treatment Practice Problems
Appendix B: Formulae
Index