Mastering Nim: A complete guide to the programming language

Mastering Nim: A complete guide to the programming language
Colophon
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
	History and theory behind Nim
	Who is this for
	Structure of the book
Part I: Introduction to Nim via graphics
	Chapter 1. Introduction
	Chapter 2. Drawing a line
		2.1. Drawing horizontal and vertical lines
			2.1.1. Drawing a line using one point, length, direction
			2.1.2. Drawing a line by specifying start and end
	Chapter 3. Rendering Text
	Chapter 4. Sequences
	Chapter 5. Parameter passing and mutability
	Chapter 6. Let vs Var
	Chapter 7. Iterators
		7.1. Yield
	Chapter 8. Generics
	Chapter 9. Templates
	Chapter 10. Macros
Part II: Nim language specification
	Chapter 11. Basic terms
	Chapter 12. Lexical analysis
		12.1. Notation used in this chapter
		12.2. Indentation
		12.3. Comments
		12.4. Multiline comments
		12.5. Identifiers & Keywords
		12.6. Identifier equality
		12.7. String literals
		12.8. Triple quoted string literals
		12.9. Raw string literals
		12.10. Generalized raw string literals
		12.11. Character literals
		12.12. Numeric Literals
			12.12.1. Custom Numeric Literals
		12.13. Operators
		12.14. Other tokens
		12.15. Unicode Operators
	Chapter 13. Syntax
		13.1. Associativity
			13.1.1. Precedence
		13.2. Dot-like operators
	Chapter 14. Declarations and scope rules
	Chapter 15. Modules
		15.1. Export marker
		15.2. Module processing
		15.3. Import statement
		15.4. Include statement
		15.5. Module names in imports
		15.6. Collective imports from a directory
		15.7. Pseudo import/include paths
		15.8. From import statement
		15.9. Export statement
		15.10. Scope rules
			15.10.1. Block scope
			15.10.2. Tuple or object scope
			15.10.3. Module scope
	Chapter 16. Type system
		16.1. Ordinal types
		16.2. Pre-defined integer types
		16.3. Integer literals
		16.4. Subrange types
		16.5. Pre-defined floating-point types
			16.5.1. Nan and Inf checks
		16.6. Boolean type
		16.7. Character type
		16.8. Enumeration types
		16.9. Overloadable enum field names
		16.10. String type
		16.11. cstring type
		16.12. Structured types
		16.13. Array and sequence types
		16.14. Open arrays
		16.15. Varargs
		16.16. Unchecked arrays
		16.17. Tuples and object types
		16.18. fields and fieldPairs iterators
		16.19. Object construction
		16.20. Object variants
		16.21. cast uncheckedAssign
		16.22. Set type
			16.22.1. Bit fields
		16.23. Reference and pointer types
		16.24. Nil
		16.25. Procedural type
		16.26. Calling conventions
		16.27. Distinct type
			16.27.1. borrow annotation
		16.28. Auto type
		16.29. static[T]
		16.30. typedesc[T]
		16.31. typeof
	Chapter 17. Type relations
		17.1. Type equality
		17.2. Subtype relation
		17.3. Convertible relation
		17.4. Assignment compatibility
	Chapter 18. Constant expressions
	Chapter 19. Overload resolution
		19.1. Overloading based on \'var T\'
		19.2. Lazy type resolution for untyped
		19.3. Varargs matching
		19.4. Overload disambiguation
	Chapter 20. Statements and expressions
		20.1. Statement list expression
		20.2. Discard statement
		20.3. Void context
		20.4. Var statement
		20.5. Let statement
		20.6. Tuple unpacking
		20.7. Const statement
		20.8. Type section
		20.9. Static statement/expression
		20.10. If statement
		20.11. Case statement
		20.12. When statement
		20.13. Return statement
		20.14. Yield statement
		20.15. Block statement
		20.16. Break statement
		20.17. While statement
		20.18. Continue statement
		20.19. Using statement
		20.20. If expression
		20.21. When expression
		20.22. Case expression
		20.23. Block expression
		20.24. Table constructor
		20.25. Type conversions
		20.26. Type casts
		20.27. The addr operator
		20.28. The unsafeAddr operator
	Chapter 21. Procedures
		21.1. Method call syntax
		21.2. Properties
		21.3. Indexing
		21.4. Command invocation syntax
		21.5. Closures
			21.5.1. Creating closures in loops
		21.6. Anonymous procs
		21.7. Func
		21.8. Non-overloadable built-ins
		21.9. Var parameters
		21.10. Var return type
	Chapter 22. Methods
		22.1. Static method calls via procCall
	Chapter 23. Iterators and the for statement
		23.1. Implicit items/pairs invocations
		23.2. First-class iterators
	Chapter 24. User definable conversions
		24.1. Converters
	Chapter 25. Exception handling
		25.1. Try statement
		25.2. Try expression
		25.3. Except clauses
		25.4. Defer statement
		25.5. Exception hierarchy
		25.6. Raise statement
	Chapter 26. Effect system
		26.1. Exception tracking
		26.2. EffectsOf annotation
		26.3. Tag tracking
		26.4. Side effects
		26.5. GC safety effect
	Chapter 27. Generics
		27.1. Is operator
		27.2. Type Classes
		27.3. Implicit generics
		27.4. Generic inference restrictions
		27.5. Symbol lookup in generics
			27.5.1. Open and Closed symbols
		27.6. Mixin statement
		27.7. Bind statement
		27.8. Delegating bind statements
		27.9. Templates
		27.10. Typed vs untyped parameters
		27.11. Passing a code block to a template
		27.12. Varargs of untyped
		27.13. Symbol binding in templates
		27.14. Identifier construction
		27.15. Template parameter lookup rules
		27.16. Hygiene in templates
			27.16.1. Inject and gensym
		27.17. Method call syntax limitations
	Chapter 28. Macros
		28.1. Macros API
		28.2. BindSym
		28.3. For loop macros
	Chapter 29. Lifetime-tracking hooks
		29.1. =destroy hook
		29.2. =wasMoved hook
		29.3. =sink hook
		29.4. =copy hook
		29.5. =dup hook
		29.6. =trace hook
		29.7. Move semantics
		29.8. Swap
		29.9. Sink parameters
		29.10. Rewrite rules
		29.11. Object and array construction
		29.12. Destructor removal
		29.13. Self assignments
		29.14. Lent type
		29.15. The .cursor annotation
		29.16. Cursor inference / copy elision
		29.17. Hook lifting
		29.18. Hook generation
		29.19. nodestroy pragma
		29.20. Copy on write
		29.21. Practice
	Chapter 30. Strict funcs
	Chapter 31. View types
		31.1. Path expressions
		31.2. Start of a borrow
		31.3. End of a borrow
		31.4. Reborrows
Part III: Mastering Macros
	Chapter 32. Introduction
	Chapter 33. AST introspection
		33.1. Typed vs untyped ASTs
	Chapter 34. AST creation
	Chapter 35. Collect macro
	Chapter 36. strformat
	Chapter 37. strscans
	Chapter 38. HTML trees
	Chapter 39. Advice
Part IV: Mastering Parallelism
	Chapter 40. Introduction
	Chapter 41. Threading
		41.1. createThread
		41.2. Single worker, single channel
		41.3. Multiple workers, single channel
	Chapter 42. spawn
		42.1. Return values
		42.2. Sharing memory
	Chapter 43. Isolated data
	Chapter 44. Smart pointers
	Chapter 45. Parallel for each and reduce
		45.1. parMap
		45.2. parReduce
		45.3. parFind
	Chapter 46. Final advice
		46.1. What to avoid
		46.2. What to use
Appendix A: Grammar
Appendix B: Nim standard library cheat sheet
	B.1. Integers
	B.2. Strings
	B.3. Sequences
	B.4. Bit sets
	B.5. Hashes
	B.6. Hash sets
	B.7. Hash tables
	B.8. Optionals
	B.9. String formatting
	B.10. Algorithms
	B.11. OS
	B.12. JSON
	B.13. Unicode
Index