Marine Biotechnology: Applications in Food, Drugs and Energy

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
1: Marine Biotechnology: A Frontier for the Discovery of Nutraceuticals, Energy, and Its Role in Meeting Twenty-First Century ...
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Food
	1.3 Nutraceuticals
	1.4 Bioenergy
	1.5 Cultivation and Sustainable Collection Methods
	1.6 Recommendations
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: Biotechnological Utilization of the Marine Environment for Food, Drugs, and Energy
	2.1 Marine Biotechnology
	2.2 Aquatic Environment
	2.3 Applications in Food
		2.3.1 Macroalgae
		2.3.2 Microalgae
		2.3.3 Bacteria, Archaea, and Fungi
		2.3.4 Thraustochytrids
		2.3.5 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Farming
			2.3.5.1 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Breeding
			2.3.5.2 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Feed
			2.3.5.3 Bioremediation
			2.3.5.4 Transgenesis
			2.3.5.5 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Health Management
	2.4 Applications in Drug
		2.4.1 Metazoans
		2.4.2 Microalgae
		2.4.3 Bacteria and Archaea
		2.4.4 Fungi
		2.4.5 Thraustochytrids
	2.5 Applications in Energy
		2.5.1 Microalgae
		2.5.2 Thraustochytrids
	2.6 Formation of Secondary Metabolism Molecules Using Biotechnological Techniques
	2.7 A Genetic Engineering Approach to Marine Organisms
	2.8 Marine Metagenomic Approach
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
3: Grouper Hybridization: An Effective Biotechnological Tool for Food Security
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biotechnology in Aquaculture
	3.3 Hybridization
	3.4 Grouper Hybridization
		3.4.1 Method to Produce Grouper Hybridization
			3.4.1.1 Selection
			3.4.1.2 Hormone Injection
			3.4.1.3 Cryopreservation
			3.4.1.4 Egg and Larval Development of Hybrid Grouper
	3.5 Biotechnology to Improve Quality of Grouper
		3.5.1 Feed
		3.5.2 Health and Disease
		3.5.3 Water Quality
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4: The Application of Molecular Markers inFish Breeding and Aquaculture
	4.1 Introduction to Molecular Markers
	4.2 Attributes of Genomic Molecular Markers for Application inAquaculture and Breeding
	4.3 Quantitative Traits of Relevance to Aquaculture
	4.4 Recruitment of Broodstock from Wild Populations Based on Molecular Markers
	4.5 Factors to Consider When Developing Molecular Markers
	4.6 Development of Molecular Markers Based on Genomic Data
	4.7 Molecular Markers in Breeding Programs
	4.8 Software Used for Analysis of Data from Breeding Experiments
	4.9 Factors Affecting the Application of Molecular Markers
	4.10 Future Direction
	References
5: Aquaculture and Applications of Green Seaweeds of the Genus Caulerpa J.V. Lamouroux, 1809
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Taxonomy, Ecology, and Distribution of Genus Caulerpa
	5.3 Nutritional Content
	5.4 Aquaculture
	5.5 Applications of Caulerpa Species
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6: Potential and Challenges of Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra Mariculture in Sabah, Malaysia
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Importance of Sea Cucumbers to the Local Fishing Community
		6.2.1 Holothuria scabra
		6.2.2 Spawning Behaviour of H. scabra
	6.3 Environmental Conditions and the Reproductive Cycle
	6.4 Aquaculture and Seed Production
	6.5 Sandfish Farming
	6.6 Sea Ranching and Stock Enhancement Programme
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7: Sea Cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Species Diversity on the West Coast of Sabah, Malaysia
	7.1 Sea Cucumber and Its Production in Malaysia
	7.2 Biological Characteristics and Life Cycle
	7.3 Nutritional and Medicinal Value
	7.4 Morphology and Taxonomy of Sea Cucumber
	7.5 Sea Cucumber Species Diversity and Distribution
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8: Sea Cucumbers: Source of Nutritional, Medicinal, and Cosmeceutical Products
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Nutritional Source
	8.3 Medicinal Source
		8.3.1 Healing Activity
		8.3.2 Neurological Protection
		8.3.3 Anti-Coagulant
		8.3.4 Antioxidant
		8.3.5 Anticancer
		8.3.6 Antifungal and Antiparasitic
		8.3.7 Antibacterial
		8.3.8 Anticholesterol
		8.3.9 Combined Benefits
	8.4 Cosmeceutical Source
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9: Marine Biotechnology and Its Applications in Drug Discovery
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Marine: Homeland of Diversified Organism
	9.3 Marine: Homeland of Unique Metabolites
	9.4 Biotechnology: A Tool for Exploring Marine Drugs
	9.5 Marine Bioactive Compounds Used as Drugs
	9.6 Marine Biotechnology Drugs Against Various Diseases
		9.6.1 Marine Drugs as Anti-cancer Agents
		9.6.2 Marine Drugs for Cardiovascular Diseases
		9.6.3 Marine Drugs for Diabetes
		9.6.4 Marine Drugs for Malaria
	9.7 Future Perspective
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10: Bacteriophage as Therapeutic Strategy Against Pathogenic Vibrio
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bacteriophages
	10.3 Bacteriophage Therapy
		10.3.1 Bacteriophage Therapy in Aquaculture
		10.3.2 Bacteriophage´s Benefits and Drawbacks
	10.4 Selection of Bacteriophage Therapy Candidate
		10.4.1 Lytic to Host
		10.4.2 Host Specificity
		10.4.3 Identification of Bacteriophage
		10.4.4 Absence of Virulence Factor
		10.4.5 Environmental Stability
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11: Bacterial Diversity in the Marine Environment and the Cutting-Edge Tools for Isolation, Identification and Characterizatio...
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Co-inhabiting Niches for Marine Bacteria
		11.2.1 Mangroves
		11.2.2 Marine Sponges: A Niche for Marine Bacteria
		11.2.3 Algae-Bacteria Association
		11.2.4 Fish
	11.3 Tools for the Identification of Marine Bacteria
		11.3.1 Culturomics
		11.3.2 Culture-Independent Method (Metagenomics)
	11.4 Application of Marine Bacteria in the Medicinal Industry
	References
12: Biotechnological Applications of Jellyfish-Derived Products
	12.1 Introduction to Jellyfish
	12.2 Collagen
		12.2.1 Collagen Structure
		12.2.2 Types of Collagen
		12.2.3 Collagen in Marine Organisms
	12.3 Current Studies in Jellyfish Collagen
	12.4 Jellyfish Collagen Extraction Methods
		12.4.1 Acid-Soluble Collagen (ASC)
		12.4.2 Pepsin-Soluble Collagen (PSC)
		12.4.3 Other Known Methods
	12.5 Toxicity of Jellyfish Collagen
	12.6 Applications of Jellyfish Collagen
		12.6.1 Nutraceuticals
		12.6.2 Cosmeceuticals
		12.6.3 Pharmaceuticals
	12.7 Future Perspectives
	References
13: Application of Biotechnology in White Syndrome Coral Disease Identification
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Tioman Island Marine Park
	13.3 Coral Disease Survey and Sample Collection
	13.4 Coral Disease and Signs of Compromised Health Recorded in Tioman Island
	13.5 Biochemical Technique
		13.5.1 Bacterial Isolation and Biochemical Identification
		13.5.2 Bacterial Identification Based on API20NE Kit
		13.5.3 Biochemical Identification of Vibrio spp.
	13.6 Molecular Technique
		13.6.1 Bacterial Identification Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
		13.6.2 Molecular Phylogenetic Tree of Bacterial Species
		13.6.3 Molecular Identification and Prevalence of Vibrio Bacterial Pathogens
	13.7 Histological Method
		13.7.1 WS Coral Tissue Analysis
		13.7.2 Histological Comparisons of WS Diseased and Healthy Coral
		13.7.3 Histological Differences Between WS Diseased and Healthy Coral Tissue
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
14: The Synergy of Remote Sensing in Marine Invasion Science
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Biological Invasions Associated with Aquaculture and Shipping Industries
		14.1.2 Aspects of Invasive Species Detection
		14.1.3 Marine Remote Sensing Limitations in Invasion Science
		14.1.4 Specific Metrics of Invasion Science
		14.1.5 Change Detection in Invasion Science
	14.2 Invasion Science Information Sharing
	14.3 Conclusions
	References
15: The Utilization of Agro-Based Wastes by Marine Phototrophic Microbes
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Phototrophic Microbes
	15.3 The Potential of Agro-Based Wastes
	15.4 PNSB in the Utilization of Agro-Based Waste
		15.4.1 Assessment of the SPW as a Substrate in the Production of Bacterial Biomass
		15.4.2 The Characteristics of SPW Use as a Media in the Production of Rv. sulfidophilum Bacterium Biomass
		15.4.3 Rv. sulfidophilum in the Utilization of SPW
			15.4.3.1 Culture of Rv. sulfidophilum in Unsettled SPW
		15.4.4 Utilization of Settled SPW by Rv. sulfidophilum with Two Different Levels (10% and 15%) of Inoculum
		15.4.5 Utilization of Unsettled SPW by Rv. sulfidophilum with Two Different (15% and 20%) Levels of Inoculum
		15.4.6 Utilization of Non-sterilized, Undiluted, Settled SPW with Rv. sulfidophilum in Different Culture Conditions
	15.5 Conclusions
	References
16: Artificial Intelligence Methods in Marine Biotechnology
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Different Types of AI
	16.2 Applications of AI in the Marine Field
	16.3 Artificial Intelligence in Marine Remote Sensing
		16.3.1 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Monitoring
		16.3.2 Artificial Intelligence in Marine Monitoring
	16.4 Blue Technology and Its Significance
	16.5 AI in the Development of Drug Discovery in Marine Organisms
	16.6 Deep Learning Methods in Marine Science Applications
	16.7 Conclusion
	References