Management of Fungal Pathogens in Pulses: Current Status and Future Challenges (Fungal Biology)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Management of Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biology of Soil-Borne Pathogen
	1.3 Diseases Caused by Soil-Borne Pathogen
	1.4 Management of Soil-Borne Disease
		1.4.1 Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens and PGPR
		1.4.2 Factors Influencing on Pathogen-PGPR Interactions
		1.4.3 Induced Resistance
		1.4.4 Other Control Methods
			1.4.4.1 Cultural Method
			1.4.4.2 Crop Rotation
			1.4.4.3 Tillage Practices
			1.4.4.4 Soil Amendments
			1.4.4.5 Soil Solarization
			1.4.4.6 Chemical Control
			1.4.4.7 Resistance of Host Plant
			1.4.4.8 Aerial Photography
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Exploration of Secondary Metabolites for Management of Chickpea Diseases
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Role of Endophytic Bacteria in the Management of Plant Diseases
	2.3 Secondary Metabolite Production
		2.3.1 Secondary Metabolites Associated with Rhizobacteria in the Management of Plant Diseases
	2.4 Production of Secondary Metabolites by Pseudomonas fluorescens
	2.5 Mode of Action of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Pseudomonads
		2.5.1 Through Antibiotic-Mediated Suppression of Plant Diseases
			2.5.1.1 2, 4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG)
			2.5.1.2 Pyoluteorin (Plt)
			2.5.1.3 Pyoverdine (Pvd) or Siderophores
			2.5.1.4 Phenazine (Phz)
			2.5.1.5 Pyrrolnitrin (Prn)
			2.5.1.6 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
		2.5.2 Through Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes/Hydrolytic Enzymes
			2.5.2.1 Chitinases
			2.5.2.2 Lipases
			2.5.2.3 Proteases
			2.5.2.4 β-1,3-Glucanases
			2.5.2.5 Xylanases
		2.5.3 Production of Plant Growth-Promoting Substances (PGPS)
			2.5.3.1 Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)
			2.5.3.2 Gibberellins (GA)
	2.6 Role of Biocontrol Agents in Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
	2.7 Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 3: Integrated Fungal Foliar Diseases of Arid Legumes: Challenges and Strategies of Their Management in Rain-Fed Areas
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Chickpea
		3.2.1 Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei)
			3.2.1.1 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
			3.2.1.2 Control
		3.2.2 Botrytis Gray (Botrytis cinerea)
			3.2.2.1 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
			3.2.2.2 Control
	3.3 Lentil
		3.3.1 Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae Pers.)
			3.3.1.1 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
			3.3.1.2 Control
		3.3.2 Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta lentis)
			3.3.2.1 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
			3.3.2.2 Control
	3.4 Cowpea
		3.4.1 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc. & Magn)
			3.4.1.1 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
			3.4.1.2 Control
		3.4.2 Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora canescens Fellis & Martin and Cercospora cruenta Sacc)
			3.4.2.1 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
			3.4.2.2 Control
	3.5 Faba Bean
		3.5.1 Chocolate Leaf Spot (Botrytis fabae and Botrytis cinerea)
			3.5.1.1 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
			3.5.1.2 Control
		3.5.2 Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae)
			3.5.2.1 Analysis and Epidemiology
			3.5.2.2 Control
	3.6 Disease Management of Fungal Foliar Disease
		3.6.1 Foliar Disease Management of Food Legumes
			3.6.1.1 Cool Season Legumes
			3.6.1.2 Warm Season Legume
	3.7 Sustainable Management of Fungal Foliar Disease
	3.8 An Outlook for Sustainable Disease Management
		3.8.1 Challenges for Sustainable Management
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Omics Approaches in Chickpea Fusarium Wilt Disease Management
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Casual Organism and Symptoms
	4.3 Epidemiology
	4.4 Breeding
	4.5 Genetic and Pathogen
	4.6 Integrated Genomic Approaches
	4.7 Transcription Factors
	4.8 Exclusion and Eradication of the Pathogen
	4.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Integrated and Sustainable Management of Fungal Diseases of Chickpea: Current Status and Challenges
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fusarium Wilt
		5.2.1 Symptoms
		5.2.2 Causal Organism
		5.2.3 Disease Cycle
		5.2.4 Integrated Management
	5.3 Ascochyta Blight
		5.3.1 Symptoms
		5.3.2 Causal Organism
			5.3.2.1 Races
		5.3.3 Disease Cycle
		5.3.4 Integrated Management
	5.4 Rust
		5.4.1 Symptoms
		5.4.2 Causal Organism
		5.4.3 Disease Cycle
		5.4.4 Integrated Management
	5.5 Dry Root Rot of Chickpea
		5.5.1 Symptoms
		5.5.2 Causal Organism
		5.5.3 Disease Cycle and Histopathology
		5.5.4 Integrated Management
	5.6 Botrytis Gray Mold
		5.6.1 Symptoms
		5.6.2 Causal Organism
		5.6.3 Disease Cycle
	5.7 Other Minor Fungal Diseases of Chickpea
		5.7.1 Powdery Mildew (Leveillula taurica)
		5.7.2 Blight (Alternaria alternata)
	5.8 Host Plant Resistance and Molecular Markers for Major Fungal Diseases of Chickpea
	5.9 Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 6: Wilt and Root Rot Complex of Important Pulse Crops: Their Detection and Integrated Management
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Root Rot of Pulse Crops
		6.2.1 Dry Root Rot of Chickpea
		6.2.2 Dry Root Rot of Pigeon Pea
		6.2.3 Root Rot and Leaf Blight of Black Gram (Vigna mungo) and Green Gram (Vigna radiata)
		6.2.4 Root Rot and Damping Off of Cowpea
		6.2.5 Charcoal Rot, Ashy or Stem Blight or Dry Root Rot of Soybean
	6.3 Wilt Diseases of Major Pulse Crops
		6.3.1 Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea
		6.3.2 Wilt of Pigeon Pea
		6.3.3 Wilt of Field Pea
		6.3.4 Wilt of Lentil
	6.4 Recent Advances in Detection and Diagnosis of Plant Diseases
	6.5 Molecular Approaches in Plant Disease Diagnosis
		6.5.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
		6.5.2 Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR)
		6.5.3 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay
	6.6 Management of Root Rots and Wilt Diseases of Pulse Crops
		6.6.1 Cultural and Mechanical Methods
		6.6.2 Chemical Control
		6.6.3 Biological Control
		6.6.4 Host Plant Resistance
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Diversity of Phytophthora Stem Blight of Pigeonpea and Its Sustainable Management
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Economic Importance of Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker f. sp. cajani
	7.3 Disease Epidemiology
	7.4 Disease Symptoms and Progress of Disease on Pigeonpea
	7.5 Morphological Features of Phytophthora
	7.6 Disease Management Techniques
	7.7 Future Prospective and Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 8: Foliar Fungal Diseases in Pulses: Review and Management
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Fungi Affecting Foliar Parts
	8.3 Overview of Common Foliar Diseases of Pulses
		8.3.1 Blight Disease
		8.3.2 Anthracnose
		8.3.3 Leaf Spot Disease
		8.3.4 Stem Canker
		8.3.5 Downy Mildew
		8.3.6 Wilt
		8.3.7 Leaf Rot
		8.3.8 Leaf Yellowing
		8.3.9 Powdery Mildew
	8.4 Management
		8.4.1 Resistance of Host Plant
		8.4.2 Disease Modeling
		8.4.3 Chemical Control
		8.4.4 Biological Control
		8.4.5 Cultural Practices
		8.4.6 Organic Control Agent
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Soil and Crop Health Management for the Cultivation of Pigeon Pea: An Overview of Management Practices
	9.1 Background to the Pigeon Pea Crop
	9.2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pigeon Pea Crop
	9.3 Stressors to Pigeon Pea Production
		9.3.1 Common Diseases of Pigeon Pea in India
		9.3.2 Abiotic Stresses Affecting Crop Health
			9.3.2.1 Drought
			9.3.2.2 Waterlogging
			9.3.2.3 Nutrient Stress (Deficiencies and Toxicities)
			9.3.2.4 Temperature Stress
			9.3.2.5 Soil Salinity/Alkalinity Stress
			9.3.2.6 Soil Acidity
			9.3.2.7 Other Constraints
	9.4 Soil and Crop Health Management Practices of Pigeon Pea
		9.4.1 Soil Health Management of Pigeon Pea Crop
			9.4.1.1 Nutrient Management Practices in Pigeon Pea
			9.4.1.2 Soil Moisture Conservation Practices
			9.4.1.3 Manipulation of Rhizospheric Soil for Fungal Disease Management
		9.4.2 Plant Health Management of Pigeon Pea
			9.4.2.1 Intercropping
			9.4.2.2 Crop Rotation
			9.4.2.3 Biopesticides
			9.4.2.4 Microbial Consortium
			9.4.2.5 Weed Management
			9.4.2.6 Manipulation in Cultivation Practices
			9.4.2.7 Resistant Varieties
	References
Chapter 10: The Vital Foliar Diseases of Cicer arietinum L. (Chickpea): Science, Epidemiology, and Management
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 History and Origin: Chickpea
	10.3 Center of the Diversity of Chickpea
	10.4 Chickpea Production
	10.5 Ecology of Chickpea
	10.6 Adaptation of Chickpea: Stresses, Cropping Systems, and Habitats
		10.6.1 Stresses in Chickpea
		10.6.2 Cropping Methods of Chickpea
		10.6.3 Chickpea Habitat Range
	10.7 Uses, Consumption, and Utilization
	10.8 Nutritional Value of Chickpea
	10.9 Foliar Fungal Disease
		10.9.1 Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.)
		10.9.2 Botrytis Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.)
	10.10 Management
		10.10.1 Host-Plant Resistance
		10.10.2 Seed Treatment
		10.10.3 Culture Control Method
		10.10.4 Cut-Twig Method
		10.10.5 Resistance Sources and Studies on Disease Management
		10.10.6 Breeding for Disease Resistance
		10.10.7 Biological Control
		10.10.8 Resistance Sources and Disease Management
		10.10.9 The Genetic Basis of Host-Pathogen Interaction
		10.10.10 Gene Plant Technology
		10.10.11 Integrated Disease Management (IDM)
		10.10.12 Field and Control Environment Screening for Disease Resistance
	10.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Management of Fusarium udum Causing Wilt of Pigeon Pea
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 History
	11.3 Distribution
	11.4 Symptoms
	11.5 Disease Development and Pathogenicity
	11.6 Mechanism of Host Plant Resistance
	11.7 Management of Fusarium Wilt Disease
		11.7.1 Cultural Management
		11.7.2 Chemical Management
		11.7.3 Biological Management
		11.7.4 Transcriptomics Approaches
		11.7.5 Proteomics Approaches
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Role of Biofertilizer in Biological Management of Fungal Diseases of Pigeon Pea [(Cajanus cajan) (L.) Millsp.]
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Some Major Fungal Diseases of Pigeon Pea
	12.3 Management of Disease
		12.3.1 Cultural Management
		12.3.2 Chemical Management
		12.3.3 Biological Management
	12.4 Biocontrol Agents
		12.4.1 By Application of Fungi
		12.4.2 By Application of AMF
		12.4.3 By Application of Bacteria
			12.4.3.1 Modes of Action of PGPR
				12.4.3.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation
				12.4.3.1.2 Phosphate Solubilization
				12.4.3.1.3 Siderophore Production
				12.4.3.1.4 Phytohormone Production
	12.5 Microbial Consortium
	12.6 Biotechnological Approaches to Biological Management
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
Index