Management and Mitigation of Emerging Pollutants

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Emerging Pollutants in the Environment and Ecological Risks
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics and Functioning of Emerging Pollutants
	3 Emerging Pollutants with Their Related Ecological and Environmental Risks
		3.1 Pharmaceutical-Based Emerging Pollutants
		3.2 Pesticides-Based Emerging Pollutants
		3.3 Personal Care Products Based on Emerging Pollutants
		3.4 Micropollutants-Based Emerging Pollutants
		3.5 Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
		3.6 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PACs)
	4 Strategies to Control Environmental Pollutants
		4.1 Approaches in Bioremediation of Pollutants
	5 Conclusion
	References
Origin and Management of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Organic and Inorganic Contaminants
			1.1.1 Sources of Contamination
			1.1.2 Environmental Implications
			1.1.3 Management of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants
				Prevention of Organic and Inorganic Contamination
				Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants
				Remediation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants
	2 Case Studies: Inorganic and Organic Contamination
		2.1 Heavy Metals (Hg, Cr, Pb, Cd, As) Contamination
			2.1.1 Adsorption Techniques for Heavy Metals (Hg, Cr, Pb, Cd, As)
				Adsorption-Based Separation
				Types of Adsorbents Employed for Heavy Metal Ions
			2.1.2 Colorimetric/Fluorometric Monitoring
			2.1.3 Bioremediation Techniques
		2.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Chlorinated Compounds, Pesticides, Organophosphorus Compounds (OPs)
			2.2.1 Adsorption Techniques
				Adsorption with Zeolites and MOF
				Adsorption of Pesticides
			2.2.2 Colorimetric/Fluorometric Monitoring of Organophosphorus Compounds
			2.2.3 Bioremediation of Pesticides
	3 Future Directions in Contaminant Management and Conclusion
	References
Conventional Wastewater Treatment Methods for the Removal of EPs
	1 Introduction
	2 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Methods in Removing EPs
		2.1 Filtration
		2.2 Sedimentation
		2.3 Coagulation/Flocculation
		2.4 Activated Sludge
	3 Conclusion
	References
Biotechnology-Based Strategies for Removal of Emerging Contaminants
	1 Introduction
	2 Harmful Effects of ECs
	3 Detection Methods of Emerging Contaminants
		3.1 Chromatographic Techniques
		3.2 Spectroscopic Methods and Metal Analysis
		3.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction
		3.4 Biomonitoring
	4 Removal or Treatment Method of Emerging Contaminants
		4.1 Adsorption Technology
		4.2 Membrane Technology
		4.3 Biological Treatment
	5 Biotechnological Methods for Removal of Emerging Contaminants
		5.1 Biodegradation
			5.1.1 Oxygen-Dependent Microbial Degradation
			5.1.2 Oxygen-Deprived Microbial Degradation
			5.1.3 Co-metabolism
		5.2 Biotransformation
		5.3 Biofilms
		5.4 Bio-adsorption
		5.5 Enzymatic Degradation
		5.6 Phytoremediation
		5.7 Bio-electrochemical Systems
		5.8 Nanocellulose
	6 Conclusion
	References
Microbial Electro-deionisation Technologies for Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of MEC
		2.1 Design and Operation
		2.2 Membranes Used in BES
	3 Microbial Communities in MEC
	4 Application of MEC in Abatement of Water Pollution
	5 MEC and Resource Recovery
	6 Future Prospects and Challenges in MEC Development
	7 Conclusion
	References
Algae-Based Bioremediation of Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of EPs and Their Physico-toxicological Properties
	3 Source and Pathways of Emerging Pollutants Towards Aquatic Environment
	4 Impact of EPs
		4.1 Impact on Environment (Geo-, Hydro-, and Atmosphere)
		4.2 Impact on Aquatic Organisms
		4.3 Impact on Biodiversity
		4.4 Impact on Human
	5 Reducing the Burden of Emerging Pollutants Following Algae-Based Bioremediation
		5.1 Biosorption
		5.2 Bioaccumulation
		5.3 Biodegradation
		5.4 Biouptake
		5.5 Hydrolysis and Volatilization
		5.6 Photodegradation
	6 Current and Future Outlook
	7 Policy and Recommendations to Take the Edge off EPs
	8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Phytomediated Approach for Management of Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Emerging Pollutants/Contaminants
	3 Nature and Sources of Emerging Pollutants
		3.1 Emerging Contaminants in CCL-4
		3.2 Microbial Contaminants
		3.3 Chemical Contaminants
		3.4 Pharmaceuticals
		3.5 Landfills
		3.6 Flame Retardants
		3.7 Sucralose
		3.8 Perchlorate (ClO4-)
		3.9 Algal Toxins
		3.10 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD)
		3.11 Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
		3.12 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
		3.13 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Mixtures
	4 Effects of Emerging Pollutants
		4.1 PFCs and Cancer
	5 Phytoremediation
	6 Methods of Phytoremediation
		6.1 Phytoremediation of Metal Contaminated Sites
			6.1.1 Phytoextraction (Phytoaccumulation)
			6.1.2 Rhizofiltration
			6.1.3 Phytostabilization
		6.2 Phytoremediation of Organic Polluted Sites
			6.2.1 Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation)
			6.2.2 Rhizodegradation
			6.2.3 Phytovolatilization
		6.3 Plants in Management of Pollutants (Phytoremediators)
	7 Conclusion
	References
Microbial Fuel Cell as an Approach for Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanism of Electricity Generation and Pollutant Removal Through MFC
		2.1 Fundamentals of MFC and Power Generation
		2.2 Types of ECs and Anodic Degradation in MFC
			2.2.1 Organic Dyes
			2.2.2 Pharmaceutical Products
			2.2.3 Pesticides
			2.2.4 Other Organic Compounds
	3 Hybrid and Integrated Systems
		3.1 Microbial Fuel Cell Constructed Wetland (CW-MFC)
		3.2 Microbial Fuel Cell-Photocatalytic System
		3.3 MFC-Biofilm Electrode Reactor
		3.4 MFC-Aerobic Bioreactor System
		3.5 MFC-Fenton Process System for Cathodic Removal
		3.6 MFC-Catalytic Oxidation Reaction System
	4 Field-Scale Applications and Future Prospective
	5 Conclusion
	References
Microbial Endophytes: A Novel Approach for Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytoremediation by Endophytes: A Sustainable Approach
		2.1 Role of Endophytes in Phytoremediation
	3 Endophytic Microorganisms
	4 Microbial Endophytes in Organic Pollutants Degradation
	5 Microbial Endophytes in Inorganic Pollutants Remediation
	6 Microbial Endophytes in Xenobiotic Degradation
	7 Microbial Endophytes in Bioremediation of Greenhouse Gases
		7.1 Prominent Mechanisms of Greenhouse Gas Bioremediation by Microbial Endophytes
			7.1.1 Carbon Sequestration
			7.1.2 Methane Oxidation
	8 Conclusion
	References
Nano-Bioremediation: An Emerging Weapon for Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Emerging Pollutants
	3 Nano-Bioremediation: Concepts and Principles
	4 Mechanisms of Pollutant Degradation Using Nanomaterials
		4.1 Photocatalysis
		4.2 Adsorption
		4.3 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
		4.4 Catalytic Reactions
		4.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes
	5 Synergistic Effects of Nanomaterials and Microorganisms in Bioremediation
		5.1 Enhancing Microbial Activity
		5.2 Increased Contaminant Availability
		5.3 Facilitated Electron Transfer
		5.4 Targeted Delivery of Nutrients and Enzymes
		5.5 Monitoring and Sensing Capabilities
		5.6 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
	6 Integration of Nanomaterials and Microorganisms
		6.1 Nanomaterials in Microbial Biosystems
		6.2 Microorganisms as Templates for Nanomaterial Synthesis
		6.3 Bio-Conjugation Techniques for Attaching Microorganisms to Nanomaterials
		6.4 Microbial Activity and Survivability Through Nanomaterials
	7 Challenges and Considerations in the Application of Nano-Bioremediation Techniques
		7.1 Characterization of Nanomaterials
		7.2 Environmental Fate and Transport
		7.3 Ecotoxicity and Human Health Risks
		7.4 Long-Term Effectiveness and Sustainability
		7.5 Scale-Up and Cost Considerations
	8 Environmental Fate and Safety Considerations
	9 Current Challenges and Future Directions
		9.1 Challenges in Bioremediation
		9.2 Future Directions in Bioremediation
	10 Conclusion
	References
Mechanism of Interaction of Nanomaterial and Microbes to Treat Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Why Nanotechnology?
	3 Why Bioremediation?
	4 Nanomaterial
		4.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials
			4.1.1 Nanomaterials Based on Metal and Metal Oxides
			4.1.2 Silica Nanomaterials
		4.2 Nanomaterials-Based on Carbon
			4.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
		4.3 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
	5 Bioremediation
		5.1 Principle of Bioremediation
		5.2 Microbes That Are Engaged in Bioremediation
			5.2.1 Aerobic
			5.2.2 Anaerobic
	6 Utilizing Nanotechnology for Bioremediation
		6.1 Nanotechnology and Microbes
	7 Conclusion
	References
Enzyme Immobilization Technology to Treat Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Pollution´s Origins and Consequences
	3 Traditional Treatment Methods
	4 Microbial Treatment Methods
		4.1 Disadvantage of Microbial Treatment Methods
	5 Plant-Based Treatment Methods
		5.1 Disadvantage of Plant-Based Treatment Methods
	6 Immobilization of Enzymes: Characteristics and Approaches
		6.1 Properties
		6.2 Methods
	7 Parameters Affecting the Activity of Immobilized Enzymes
	8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immobilized Enzymes Versus Free Enzymes
		8.1 Stability of Immobilized Enzymes
		8.2 Enzyme Evolution and Engineering
		8.3 Immobilized Enzyme Reusability and Recycling
		8.4 Cost Comparison
		8.5 Scaling-up of Bioreactors
		8.6 Current Advances in Designed Enzymes
	9 Role of Immobilized Enzymes in Metal Removal
		9.1 Lipases
		9.2 Ureases
		9.3 Laccases
		9.4 Papain
		9.5 Bromelain
	10 Conclusion and Perspectives for the Future
	References
Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Applications of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites Against Pollutants
		2.1 Bioorganic or Industrial Pollutants
		2.2 Dyes and Chemicals Pollutants
		2.3 Agriculture Pollutants
	3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Bio-Based Porous Materials for Remediation of Pollutants
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Pollution
		1.2 Pollutants
			1.2.1 Particulate Matter
			1.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides
			1.2.3 Sulfur Oxides
			1.2.4 Carbon Monoxide
			1.2.5 Pesticides
			1.2.6 Plastics
			1.2.7 Heavy Metals
			1.2.8 E-Waste
			1.2.9 Pharmaceutical Waste
			1.2.10 Organic Compounds
	2 Bio-Based Porous Materials
		2.1 Classification of Bio-Based Materials
			2.1.1 Origin
			2.1.2 Chemical Composition
			2.1.3 Pore Size
			2.1.4 Morphology
		2.2 Classification of Biomaterial Depending on Source and Application
			2.2.1 Plant-Based Materials
				Cellulose
				Starch
				Lignin
			2.2.2 Animal-Based Materials
				Collagen
				Chitin
				Keratin
			2.2.3 Microbial-Based Materials
				Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
				Mycelium
				Algae
			2.2.4 Synthetic Biology-Based Materials
				Spider Silk
				Bioluminescent Materials
				Bio-Based Sensors
			2.2.5 Hybrid Bio-Based Materials
				Biocomposites
				Bio-Based Coatings
				Bio-Based Adhesives
		2.3 Features of Biomaterials
			2.3.1 Porosity
			2.3.2 Surface Area and Topography
			2.3.3 Pore Size and Shape
			2.3.4 Mechanical Properties
				Elasticity
				Density
			2.3.5 Thermal Properties
			2.3.6 Optical Properties
				Transparency
				Opacity
				Refractive Index
				Fluorescence
				Bioluminescence
				Optical Activity
				Absorption
		2.4 Application of Biomaterial
			2.4.1 Medical Implants
				Orthopedic Implants
				Cardiovascular Implants
				Dental Implants
				Neurological Implants
				Breast Implants
				Tissue-Engineered Implants
			2.4.2 Tissue Engineering
				Scaffold Materials
				Growth Factor Delivery
				Cell Encapsulation
				Tissue-Specific Biomaterials
			2.4.3 Drug Delivery
				Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
				Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems
				Hydrogels
				Targeted Drug Delivery
				Implantable Drug Delivery Systems
			2.4.4 Wound Healing
			2.4.5 Biosensors
				Enzyme-Based Biosensors
				Antibody-Based Biosensors
				Aptamer-Based Biosensors
				Microfluidic Biosensors
				Implantable Biosensors
			2.4.6 Medical Adhesives
				Fibrin-Based Adhesives
				Synthetic Polymer-Based Adhesives
				Protein-Based Adhesives
				Chitosan-Based Adhesives
				Hydrogel-Based Adhesives
			2.4.7 Diagnostic Imaging
				Contrast Agents
				Targeted Imaging Agents
				Drug Delivery Vehicles
				Imaging Scaffolds
				Imaging Probes
		2.5 Bio-Based Material for Bioremediation
			2.5.1 Air Pollution Control
			2.5.2 Water Pollution Control
			2.5.3 Soil Remediation
			2.5.4 Waste Management
				Bioreactors
				Biofilters
				Adsorbents
				Nanomaterials
				Green Roofs
				Algal Biotechnology
				Constructed Wetlands
				Biochar
		2.6 Advantages of Bio-Based Porous Material for Bioremediation
			2.6.1 Sustainable
			2.6.2 Biodegradable
			2.6.3 High Surface Area
			2.6.4 Versatile
			2.6.5 Low Cost
			2.6.6 Safe
			2.6.7 Specificity
			2.6.8 Scalability
			2.6.9 Compatibility
			2.6.10 Support for Microbial Growth
			2.6.11 Minimal Waste
			2.6.12 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
			2.6.13 Cost-Effectiveness
			2.6.14 Low Energy Requirements
			2.6.15 Non-toxic
			2.6.16 Adaptability to Different Environments
			2.6.17 Durability
			2.6.18 Can Target Emerging Pollutants
		2.7 Disadvantages of Bio-Based Porous Material
			2.7.1 Limited Application Range
			2.7.2 Long-Term Efficacy
			2.7.3 Production and Sourcing
			2.7.4 Scale-Up Challenges
			2.7.5 Environmental Impact
			2.7.6 Lack of Standardization
			2.7.7 Biological Variability
			2.7.8 Contamination Risk
			2.7.9 Cost
				Time
				Regulatory Challenges
	3 Synthesis of Bio-Based Porous Materials
		3.1 Synthesis of Activated Carbon
			3.1.1 Pyrolysis Carbonization
			3.1.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
		3.2 Biopolymers Gum Kondagogu (GK) and Sodium Alginate (SA) Sponge Preparation
		3.3 Synthesis of Gum Hydrocolloids Reinforced Silver Nanoparticle Sponge
	4 Application of Bio-Based Porous Materials for Remediation of Pollutants
		4.1 Application of Bio-Based Modified Activated Carbon in Adsorption
		4.2 Oil and Solvent Absorption
		4.3 Crude Oil Absorption Study
		4.4 Catalytic Degradation
		4.5 Catalysis Mechanism of Ag.KS Sponge
	5 Future Perspective
	6 Conclusion
	References
Role of Biosurfactants in the Remediation of Emerging Pollutants
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure and Role of Biosurfactant
	3 Properties of Biosurfactants
	4 Microbial Biosurfactant Production
	5 Genomic Tools in Aid of Microbial Surfactants
	6 Biosurfactants and Bioremediation of Emerging Pollutants
	7 Commercial Demand of Biosurfactants
	8 Conclusion
	References
Impacts of Emerging Pollutants on Environmental Microbial Communities and Their Consequent Public Health Concerns
	1 Introduction
	2 Impact of ECs on Ecosystems and Living Organisms
	3 Effect of ECs on Microbial Communities
		3.1 Impact of the Presence of ECs in Drinking Water on Microbial Communities
		3.2 One Water, One Health
	4 Conclusions
	5 Funding
	References