Making the Middle-class City: The Politics of Gentrifying Amsterdam

Preface and Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Explanations for Urban Transformation
	1.3	 The Socio-Political Cycle of Urban Transformation
		Class, Politics and the Production of Urban Space
	1.4	 Outline of this Book
2: Class, State and Urban Space
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Social Class in Context
		Social Class in the Netherlands
		Defining the Middle Class Today
		An Emergent Professional Middle Class
	2.3	 Spatializing Class, Classes in Space
	2.4	 Urban Transformation and Social Class
		Urban Space as Constitutive of Class
	2.5	 Class, State and Space
	2.6	 Two Mechanisms of Urban Transformation
		Institutional Politics: Policy Regimes and Elections
		Symbolic Politics
	2.7	 The Socio-Political Cycle of Amsterdam’s Transformation
3: Social and Spatial Transformations
	3.1	 Amsterdam Diversifying and Gentrifying
	3.2	 Demographic Change
	3.3	 Ethnic Change
	3.4	 Economic Change
	3.5	 Social Class Change
		Disappearing Working Class
		Rise of the New Urban Middle Class
		Income Developments
		Regional Dynamics
	3.6	 Neighbourhood Transformations in Amsterdam
		Early Gentrification: The 1980s and Before
		Expanding Gentrification: 1990–2001
		Ubiquitous Gentrification: 2001–2009
		Post 2009: Transformations in the Wake of the Crisis
	3.7	 New Spatial Inequalities
	3.8	 Conclusions
4: The Electoral Geography of Amsterdam
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 The Dutch Political Landscape
	4.3	 Class-Based Voting and Spatial Polarisation
	4.4	 The New Middle-Class Vote(s)
	4.5	 General Electoral Patterns in the Netherlands and Amsterdam
	4.6	 Electoral Dynamics in the City Until 1989
	4.7	 Electoral Dynamics in the City 1989–1998
	4.8	 Electoral Dynamics in the 2000s
	4.9	 Local Elections and Political Dynamics in the City 2010–2012
	4.10	 Trends in Electoral Geographies 1980–2012
	4.11	 Conclusions
5: Political and Institutional Transformations
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 A Red Past: Urban Politics Until 1988
		Representational Politics: PvdA Rule
		Social Housing City
		Compact City and Nascent Gentrification
	5.3	 Third Way City: Housing Market Liberalisation in the 1990s
		Party Politics 1989–1995
		National Housing Policies
		Changing Political Landscape and New Urban Policies 1994–2002
		The ‘Discovery’ of the New Middle Class
	5.4	 Revanchism and Urban Boosterism: Amsterdam 2002–2008
		New National Political Landscapes
		Amsterdam’s Revanchist Interlude 2002–2006
		Return to Red-Green Coalitions
	5.5	 Post-Crisis Amsterdam (2009–2018)
		Institutional Restructuring in the Wake of the Crisis (2009–2013)
		Post-Crisis Housing Framework
		Post-Crisis Boom 2014–2016
		2016–2018: A New Direction?
	5.6	 Conclusion
6: Symbolic Politics Within the Local State
	6.1	 Undivided City: Social and ‘Middle-Segment’ Housing
	6.2	 Shaping the City in One’s Mirror Image
		The Gentrification Debate
		Displacement
	6.3	 Neighbourhood Transformation Through Symbolic Politics
		Renewal Policies
		Networks of Neighbourhood Organisation
		Middle-Class Representations and Practices
		Residents’ Perspectives
		Middle-Class Politics in Van der Pekbuurt
	6.4	 Conclusion
7: Conclusion
	7.1	 Social and Spatial Transformations
	7.2	 Changing Electorates and Repositioning Parties
	7.3	 Political Transformation: Institutional and Symbolic Middle-Class Politics
		The Middle-Class Project
		A New Way of Looking at the City
	7.4	 Expanding Our Understanding of the Middle-Class City
	7.5	 Beyond Amsterdam: Three Theoretical Implications
	7.6	 Future Transformations
Overview Maps
Bibliography
	Data Sources
Index