LoRa Localization: System Design and Performance Analysis (Wireless Networks)

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 Background
		1.1.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
		1.1.2 Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
		1.1.3 Location-Based Internet of Things Services and Industrial Applications
	1.2 Current Situation and Challenge
		1.2.1 Challenges and Contributions
	1.3 Book Organization
	References
2 Wireless Localization Model and Hardware Foundation
	2.1 LoRa and Its Ranging Engine
		2.1.1 LoRa Network Structure
		2.1.2 LoRa Nodes Distance Estimation
		2.1.3 LoRa Nodes Angle Estimation
	2.2 Angle of Arrival (AoA) Estimation
	2.3 Hardware
		2.3.1 Hardware Platform Design
			2.3.1.1 Low-Power Supply Design
			2.3.1.2 High Precision Clock Design
		2.3.2 Heterogeneous Devices and Protocol Interface Design
			2.3.2.1 Sensor Bus Interface Design
			2.3.2.2 Heterogeneous Network Protocol Interface Design
	Reference
3 LoRa-Based Mobile Localization System
	3.1 System Model
		3.1.1 System Overview
		3.1.2 Localization Model
	3.2 Distance and Location Estimation
		3.2.1 Distance Estimation
		3.2.2 Anchor Location Estimation
	3.3 Localization Optimization
	3.4 Implementation and Evaluation
		3.4.1 System Implementation
			3.4.1.1 LoRa Tag Design
			3.4.1.2 LoRa Gateway Design
			3.4.1.3 Localization Framework Design
		3.4.2 Localization Simulations
			3.4.2.1 Simulation Results
		3.4.3 System Evaluation
			3.4.3.1 System Cost
			3.4.3.2 Localization Performance
			3.4.3.3 Testbed
			3.4.3.4 Results
			3.4.3.5 System Robustness Evaluation
			3.4.3.6 Power Consumption Evaluation
	3.5 Summary
	References
4 Wide-Area Localization System Based on LoRa Mesh
	4.1 Hardware Design
	4.2 LoRa Mesh Protocol Design
		4.2.1 The Structure of the Mesh Protocol
		4.2.2 Route Discovery and Maintenance
		4.2.3 Routing Algorithm
	4.3 LoRa Ranging and Localization
		4.3.1 Localization Workflow
		4.3.2 Ranging Algorithm
		4.3.3 Localization Algorithm
	4.4 Implementation
		4.4.1 Control and Visualization Interface
		4.4.2 Anchors Deployment
	4.5 Evaluation
		4.5.1 Ranging Experiment
		4.5.2 Positioning Experiment
	4.6 Summary
	References
5 Enable Angle of Arrival in LoRa for Efficient Indoor Localization
	5.1 Problem Formulation and Challenges
	5.2 Redesign of LoRa Gateway and Ranging Procedure
		5.2.1 Gateway Redesign
		5.2.2 Leveraging Ranging Difference
		5.2.3 Ranging Procedure Redesign
	5.3 Improving AoA Estimation via Rotation
		5.3.1 Binary AoA Classification
		5.3.2 Virtual Array
		5.3.3 AoA Calculation
	5.4 Implementation and Applications
		5.4.1 Implementation
		5.4.2 Applications
	5.5 Performance Evaluation
		5.5.1 Ranging Difference Estimation
		5.5.2 AoA Estimation
			5.5.2.1 AoA Estimation in Different Spreading Factors
			5.5.2.2 AoA Estimation in Different Environments
			5.5.2.3 AoA Estimation for Long-Rang Scenario
		5.5.3 NLoS Localization
		5.5.4 Power Consumption Evaluation
	5.6 Summary
	References
6 LoRa-Based Indoor Tracking System for Mobile Robots
	6.1 Estimating the AoA
		6.1.1 AoA Estimation with an Antenna Array
		6.1.2 Minimize Ranging Interval
	6.2 Eliminating the Blind Area
	6.3 Estimating Target Movement
		6.3.1 Target Motion Model
		6.3.2 Real-Time Frequency Estimation
	6.4 System Implementation
	6.5 Performance Evaluation
		6.5.1 Indoor Experiments
			6.5.1.1 LOS AoA Estimation
			6.5.1.2 NLOS AoA Estimation
			6.5.1.3 Tracking in a Lab Space
			6.5.1.4 Tracking in a Corridor
		6.5.2 Deploy Ability Investigation
	6.6 Summary
	References
7 Conclusion and Future Directions
	7.1 Concluding Remarks
	7.2 Future Directions