Local remedies in international law

Half-title......Page 3
Series title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
Table of cases......Page 17
Abbreviations......Page 31
Part I Prolegomena......Page 35
The subject......Page 37
Scheme and method......Page 47
2 The evolution of the law relating to local remedies......Page 56
The basis of diplomatic protection......Page 77
The interests of the state of nationality......Page 82
The interests of the defendant state, competing national states and entities other than the injured alien......Page 83
The interests and position of the injured alien......Page 86
Choices among competing interests and essentials......Page 87
The interests behind the rule of local remedies......Page 90
The interest of the host or respondent state......Page 93
The interest of the international community......Page 95
Choices among competing interests......Page 96
The rule in human rights protection......Page 98
The context of human rights protection......Page 102
The basis of the local remedies rule in human rights protection......Page 105
The formulation of the rule in human rights instruments......Page 108
Trends in the application of theory in human rights protection as related to diplomatic protection......Page 111
Meaning of the concept......Page 118
Incidence and relevance of the original injury......Page 126
Need to exhaust remedies......Page 131
International responsibility and violation of international law......Page 136
Conclusion: some basic principles......Page 138
5 Contracts, violation of international law, denial of justice and the rule......Page 141
State practice......Page 142
International treaty practice......Page 144
International decisions......Page 148
Text writers......Page 154
The business context......Page 158
The delictual analogy......Page 159
Exceptional circumstances giving rise to a violation of international law......Page 160
Later developments......Page 161
Choice of law......Page 162
Choice of jurisdictional forum......Page 165
The relationship between jurisdiction and the choice of the proper law of the contract......Page 169
Transnational law and breach of contract......Page 170
Conclusion......Page 171
The effect of referring alien--state contract claims to an international jurisdiction......Page 173
Part II Application of the rule......Page 177
6 Incidence of the rule......Page 179
The existence of the 'direct injury' exclusion......Page 180
The definition of 'direct injury'......Page 185
Jurisdictional connection......Page 202
The authorities......Page 203
The criterion of the location of the wrong......Page 207
7 Scope of the rule......Page 213
The requirement of availability of remedies......Page 215
Ordinary and extraordinary remedies: the requirement of legal nature......Page 216
The rationale for the applicable principle in regard to the nature of remedies......Page 222
The requirement of adequate and effective remedies......Page 223
The concept of normal use......Page 226
The raising of substantive issues......Page 229
Persons obligated to observe the rule......Page 231
The need for a final decision......Page 232
8 Limitations on the rule......Page 234
The unavailability and inaccessibility of remedies......Page 237
The ineffectiveness of remedies......Page 238
Undue delay......Page 244
Repetition of injury or likelihood of further damage......Page 246
Other possible exceptional circumstances......Page 247
Circumstances not limiting the operation of the rule......Page 248
9 The rule as applied to the use of procedural resources......Page 250
Procedures that are obligatory under the local law......Page 253
Procedures that are not obligatory but discretionary under the local law......Page 257
Verification of the effectiveness of the remedy......Page 267
The time in respect of which the two principles must be applied......Page 272
Obstruction by the respondent state......Page 274
General conclusions......Page 279
Express waiver......Page 281
Implied waiver......Page 284
Submission by states to international adjudication or arbitration......Page 286
The issue of arbitrability......Page 289
Non-inter-state arbitration agreements between states and private parties......Page 290
Request for a declaratory judgment......Page 299
Waiver and investment treaties......Page 301
Article 10 Settlement of investment disputes......Page 307
The principles of estoppel and good faith......Page 310
General principles in customary international law......Page 314
Burden of proof in regard to the exhaustion of local remedies......Page 319
The time for raising the objection based on the rule......Page 327
The time of decision on the objection based on the rule......Page 329
Joinder to the merits......Page 330
The time at which remedies must be exhausted......Page 332
Part III Peripheral and analogous applications of the rule......Page 335
13 The rule and human rights protection......Page 337
The direct injury......Page 339
Jurisdictional connection......Page 344
Availability and accessibility......Page 346
Ordinary and extraordinary remedies......Page 347
Effectiveness and adequacy......Page 350
Normal use......Page 352
Raising of substantive issues......Page 353
Need for a final decision......Page 356
Unavailability or inaccessibility of remedies......Page 359
Article 8 Right to a Fair Trial......Page 362
Article 24 Right to Equal Protection......Page 363
Inefficacy......Page 369
Undue delay......Page 373
The prevailing condition......Page 375
Legislative measures and administrative practices......Page 376
The continuing situation......Page 378
Some non-limiting circumstances......Page 379
Use of procedural resources......Page 380
Express waiver......Page 381
Implied waiver......Page 382
Estoppel and good faith......Page 383
The burden of proof......Page 384
The European Convention on Human Rights......Page 385
The American Convention on Human Rights......Page 388
The Human Rights Committee......Page 389
The time at which remedies must be exhausted......Page 390
The time for raising the objection......Page 391
The time of decision on the objection......Page 392
Joinder to the merits......Page 393
The six-months rule......Page 396
14 The rule and international organizations......Page 400
Claims by international organizations against states......Page 401
Claims against international organizations......Page 405
Claims by staff members against international organizations......Page 409
Part IV Nature of the rule......Page 417
15 Nature of the rule......Page 419
The prevailing views in theory......Page 421
Theories explanatory of the rule......Page 426
The cause of action......Page 430
The time of incidence of international responsibility......Page 431
The manner in which the issue is treated internationally......Page 432
Waiver and estoppel......Page 434
Judicial and state practice......Page 436
Support for the substantive view......Page 437
Direct support for the procedural view......Page 438
The action taken by courts and judges......Page 441
Deductions......Page 450
The view of the rule in human rights protection......Page 451
Concluding observations......Page 453
Part V Epilogue......Page 457
Balancing of interests......Page 459
The rule in human rights protection and its impact......Page 464
Undue 'strictness' as a problem......Page 470
Analogous applications......Page 471
Index......Page 472