Liver Ultrasound: From Basics to Advanced Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Forewords
Preface
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Getting Started: Ultrasound Physics and Image Formation
	What Is Ultrasound?
	Ultrasound Waves
		Ultrasound Wave Propagation
		Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
		Acoustic Impedance
	Physical Processes That Affect Ultrasound Waves
		Reflection
		Refraction
		Scattering
		Absorption
		Attenuation
	Ultrasound Transducers
		Piezoelectric Effect
		Single-Element Transducer
		Array Transducers and Transmit Beamforming
	Ultrasound Image Formation
		Pre-processing and Receive Beamforming
		B-Mode Ultrasound
		Doppler Ultrasound
		Ultrasound Imaging Artefacts
	References
Chapter 2 Knobology and Terminology
	Getting Started
		On/Off Switch
		Patient Details
		Transducer
		Preset
	Image Optimisation
		Depth/Zoom/Width
		Focal Zone and Position
		2D Gain and Time Compensation
	Useful Tools
		Measurement
		Trackball/Freeze/Cineloop
		Image/Clip Store
		Annotation/Body Marking
	Advanced Applications
		Colour/Power/Spectral Doppler Controls
		Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
		Shearwave Elastography
	Useful Terminology
		Echotexture/Echogenicity
		Hyperechoic/Echogenic/Hyperreflectivity
		Hypoechoic/Echopoor/Hyporeflectivity
		Anechoic
		Acoustic Shadowing
		Acoustic through Transmission
	Further Reading
Chapter 3 Normal Liver Anatomy: How to Perform a Liver Ultrasound Scan
	Anatomy of the Liver and Ultrasound Appearance
		Location, Shape, and Borders
		Gallbladder and Biliary Tree
		Liver Vascular Anatomy
		Vascular Segments of the Liver
	Normal Variants of Liver Anatomy
	Practical Approach for How to Scan the Liver
		Liver Parenchyma Assessment
		Gallbladder and Common Bile Duct
		Portal Vein, Hepatic Artery, and Hepatic Veins
		Doppler Studies of the Liver
		The Spleen
	Liver Ultrasound Report
	Videos
	References
Chapter 4 An Introduction to Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
	Ultrasound Contrast Agents
	Pharmacokinetics
	Interaction with Ultrasound Waves
	Scanning Modes
	Injecting Ultrasound Contrast Agents (Microbubbles)
	Safety
	State of the Art
	References
Chapter 5 Focal Liver Lesions – Characterisation and Detection
	Liver Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Protocol and Image Optimisation
	Benign Focal Liver Lesions
		Hepatic Cysts
		Haemangioma
		Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
		Hepatic Adenoma
		Focal Fatty Sparing and Focal Fatty Change
		Regenerative and Dysplastic Nodules
		Infectious and Inflammatory Focal Lesions
		Hepatic Trauma
	Malignant Focal Liver Lesions
		Metastases
		Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer
		Lymphoma
	Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Intervention
	Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System
	Conclusion
	Videos
	References
Chapter 6 Ultrasound of the Biliary System
	Anatomy and Topography of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tree
	Gallbladder Pathology
		Cholelithiasis
		Biliary Sludge
		Cholecystitis
		Gangrenous Cholecystitis
		Emphysematous Cholecystitis
		Biloma
		Acalculous Cholecystitis
		Mimics of Cholecystitis
		Chronic Cholecystitis
	Gallbladder Wall Pathology
		Adenomyomatosis
		Gallbladder Polyps
		Gallbladder Tumours
	Biliary Duct Dilatation
		Biliary Obstruction Secondary to Choledocolithiasis
		Non-lithiatic Causes of Biliary Obstruction
		Biliary Stent Function
	Congenital Pathologies of the Biliary Tree
		Biliary Hamartomas
		Caroli’s Disease
		Biliary Atresia
	Cholangitis
	Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Biliary Disorders
	Videos
	References
Chapter 7 Tropical Infections of the Liver
	Parasitic Infections of the Liver
		Cystic Echinococcosis
		Alveolar Echinococcosis
		Amoebic Liver Abscess
		Liver Schistosomiasis
		Fascioliasis
		Toxocariasis
		Opistorchiasis and Clonorchiasis
		Ascariasis
	Bacterial Infections of the Liver
		Pyogenic Liver Abscess
		Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria
		Melioidosis
		Syphilis
		Brucellosis
		Leptospirosis
	Fungal Infections of the Liver
		Fungal Liver Abscess
	Viral Infections Affecting the Liver
		HIV and HIV-Associated Diseases
		Dengue Fever
	References
Chapter 8 Ultrasound in Chronic Liver Disease
	General Ultrasonic Features of Chronic Liver Disease
		Size, Shape, Echotexture, and Contour
		Echogenicity
		Ultrasound Features of Portal Hypertension
		B-Mode Signs of Portal Hypertension
		Colour Doppler Signs of Portal Hypertension
		Vascular Modifications as a Sign of Portal Hypertension
	Sonographic Differences among Various Liver Disease Aetiologies
		Viral Hepatitis
		Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
		Autoimmune Hepatitis
		Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
		Primary Biliary Cholangitis
		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
		Wilson’s Disease
		Cardiogenic Cirrhosis
	Mimics of Cirrhosis
		Sarcoidosis
		Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Liver Disease
		Pseudo-Cirrhosis Secondary to Metastatic/Infiltrative Neoplastic Liver Disease
		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome
		Acute Fulminant Liver Failure and Subacute Liver Failure
		Congenital Fibrosis
		Porto-sinusoidal Vascular Disorder
	Pitfalls
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9.1 Shear Wave Elastography for Liver Disease: Part 1
	Introduction to Liver Elastography and Different Elastographic Techniques
	Physical Principles of Shear Wave Elastography
		Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography
		Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse–Based Shear Wave Elastography
		Units of Measure
	Confounding Factors and Current Limitations
		Cut-Off Values for Staging Liver Fibrosis and Sources of Variability
	Practical Advice
		Protocol for Acquisitions [3, 6–10]
	References
Chapter 9.2 Shear Wave Elastography for Liver Disease: Part 2
	Clinical Use and Interpretation of Shear Wave Elastography in Liver Disease
		Elastography Assessment of Liver Fibrosis
		Elastography Assessment of Portal Hypertension
		Physiopathological Background of Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension and Non-invasive Assessment
		Non-invasive Liver Disease Assessment and the Importance of Integrating Elastography with Ultrasound Imaging
	Elastography in Different Liver Disease Aetiologies
		Viral Hepatitis–Related Chronic Liver Disease
		Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
		Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
		Autoimmune Hepatitis
		Cholestatic Liver Disease
		Elastography in Liver Transplant
		Elastography in the Paediatric Population
		Elastography as a Tool to Diagnose Liver Involvement in Systemic Diseases
		Elastography in Focal Liver Lesions
	Practical Advice
	Videos
	References
Chapter 10 Liver Ultrasound in the Paediatric Population
	Diffuse Liver Disease: Congenital
		Biliary Atresia
		Alagille Syndrome
		Fibropolycystic Liver Disease
		Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
		Cystic Fibrosis–Associated Liver Disease
		Wilson’s Disease
	Diffuse Liver Disease: Acquired
		Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
		Acute Viral Hepatitis
		Autoimmune Liver Disease
		Sclerosing Cholangitis
	Focal Liver Lesions
		Benign Tumours
		Malignant Tumours
	Key Checkpoints for Emergency/On-Call Scans
	References
Chapter 11 Ultrasound in Vascular Liver Diseases
	Portal Vein Thrombosis and Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction
	Intrahepatic Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertension
		Porto-sinusoidal Vascular Disorder/Idiopathic Portal Hypertension
		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome
		Sinusoidal Dilatation and Peliosis Hepatis
		Fontan-Associated Liver Disease
	Budd–Chiari Syndrome
		Acute Budd–Chiari Syndrome
		Chronic Budd–Chiari Syndrome
	Vascular Malformations
		Intrahepatic Aneurysms of the Hepatic Artery and Arteriovenous Fistulae
		Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu–Weber–Osler Disease)
		Congenital Porto-systemic Shunts (Intra- and Extrahepatic)
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 12 Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Liver Disease
	Basics of POCUS and Training Requirements
	POCUS Examination Technique
	Confounding Factors and Co-existing Pathologies
		Thoracic/Respiratory Factors
		Cardiac Factors
		Abdominal Factors
	POCUS in Acute Presentation of Liver Dysfunction
	Post-procedural Interventional Complications
	POCUS in Liver Trauma
	POCUS in Cirrhosis
	POCUS in Cirrhosis and Worsening Liver Function
	Basic Principles of POCUS in Liver Disease
	Videos
	References
Chapter 13 Liver Transplantation
	Indications for Transplant
	Surgical Techniques in Liver Transplantation
	Post–Liver Transplant Imaging
	Vascular Complications
	Hepatic Artery
	Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
	Hepatic Artery Stenosis
	Pseudoaneurysm
	Portal Vein Complications
	Inferior Vena Cava Complications
	Biliary Complications
	Neoplastic Disease
	Parenchymal Abnormalities
	Perihepatic Complications
	Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Liver Transplant
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Ultrasound in Hepatobiliary Intervention
	Patient Preparation
		Authorisation (Informed Consent)
		Blood Results and Blood Thinners
		Checklist
		Drugs
	Liver Biopsies
		Pre-procedural Imaging
		Consideration of Contraindications
		Technique
		Needle Choice
		Plugging the Tract
		Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Hepatobiliary Intervention
	Ultrasound-Guided Drainage (Liver and Gallbladder)
		Liver Abscess
		Echinococcal Cysts
		Congenital Liver Cyst
		Cholecystostomy
	Thermal Ablation
		Technique
		Patient Selection
		Follow-Up
		Complications
	Biliary, Portal Venous Access
		Biliary Access
		Portal Venous Access
	Use of Ultrasound to Aid Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation
		TIPS Follow-Up
	References
Chapter 15 Advancing Ultrasound Technologies
	Ultrasound B-Mode/Greyscale Imaging
	Doppler Technologies
	Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
	Shear Wave Elastography
	Viscosity
	Attenuation Imaging/Parameter
	Fusion
	Conclusion
	References
Index
EULA