Linear Accelerators

Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 5
List of Contributors......Page 19
PART A Introduction......Page 23
I Ising's proposal and Wideroe's accelerator......Page 25
2 The accelerators of Beams and of Sloan......Page 28
3 Postwar developments......Page 29
4 The Stanford linear electron accelerators......Page 30
5 SLAC - The Stanford Linear Accelerator......Page 33
6 Other linear electron accelerators......Page 34
7 The Berkeley 32- MeV proton linear......Page 35
8 Other proton linear accelerators......Page 36
9 Heavy ion linear accelerators......Page 37
10 Linear accelerators for high average......Page 38
I 1 Recent developments......Page 39
13 Acknowledgments......Page 40
I Phase stability......Page 43
2 Tvansverse defocusing......Page 44
3 Properties of the travelling wave......Page 45
4 Longitudinal motion......Page 46
5 Liouville's theorem and adiabatic processes......Page 49
6 Rf power considerations......Page 52
7 Electron linac structures: periodic structures......Page 54
8 Proton linac structures......Page 57
PART B Electron linear......Page 62
THEORY......Page 8
1 Introduction......Page 63
2 The principles of periodically-loaded structures......Page 64
3 Principal design parameters......Page 71
4 Traveling-wave accelerators......Page 76
5 Standing-~~ave accelerators......Page 89
6 Superconducting accelerators......Page 100
7 Analytic and computer techniques......Page 110
8 Empirical design methods......Page 112
9 Summary of characteristics of accelerating......Page 131
1 Introduction......Page 139
2 Injection dynamics......Page 140
3 Long range transport in electron......Page 152
1 Introduction......Page 171
2 Nature of the beam loading......Page 172
3 Beam loading theovy based......Page 175
4 Beam loading theory including dispersive......Page 182
I Introduction......Page 197
2 Physical manifestations and models......Page 199
3 Regenerative beam breakup......Page 207
4 Multisection or cumulative beam......Page 222
5 Discussion of starting conditions......Page 234
6 Proposed remedies for various types......Page 239
7 Other electromagnetic instabilities......Page 242
I Tentative classlJication of methods of measurement......Page 247
3 Beam characteristics associated with the diferent......Page 251
4 Quantity of information contained......Page 253
TECHNOLOGY......Page 9
I Introduction......Page 261
2 Choice of an injector......Page 263
3 Main other sub-assemblies......Page 275
4 Measurements of injector characteristics......Page 280
5 Example of injector assembly......Page 282
I Introduction......Page 289
2 Dimensional requirements......Page 290
3 Fabrication methods......Page 295
4 Microwave tuning......Page 314
5 Cooling and temperature control......Page 325
6 Support structures......Page 330
2 Power requirements......Page 339
3 ” Power sources......Page 342
4 Stability requirements......Page 346
6 Low energy machines......Page 353
7 Medium energy machines......Page 355
8 High energy machines......Page 358
B.2.4 Installations and Control......Page 379
I The building......Page 380
2 Principal auxiliary equipment......Page 387
3 Adjustments and controls......Page 398
VARIOUS TYPES......Page 10
I Introduction......Page 409
2 Form factors......Page 410
3 Review of medium energy physics achievements......Page 411
5 Positron acceleration and annihilation......Page 412
6 High energy muon beam......Page 415
8 Neutral K particles of high energy......Page 417
10 Characteristics of high energy electron......Page 421
11 Use of detection apparatus at high......Page 426
12 Review of high energy physics achievements......Page 430
13 Summary......Page 434
I Introduction......Page 439
2 General design considerations......Page 440
3 Principal design parameters......Page 464
4 Rf system......Page 466
5 A ccelerator waveguides......Page 469
6 Injection system......Page 482
2 Radiation chemistry......Page 495
3 Radiography......Page 506
4 Flash radiography. Stroboscopic radiography......Page 510
5 Radiotherapy......Page 513
I The electron synchrotron......Page 519
2 Production of narrow energy spectrum......Page 521
3 Efect of variation of parameters......Page 525
4 Emittance......Page 527
5 Beam loading eflects in the synchrotron......Page 528
6 Debuncher systems......Page 535
7 Examples of electron synchrotron injectors......Page 538
8 Injection ofpositrons......Page 544
I Introduction......Page 547
2 General remarks on positron linear accelerators......Page 549
3 Positron yields......Page 552
4 Focusing systems......Page 554
5 Matching systems......Page 560
6 Dephasing of the positrons in the matching......Page 565
7 The converter......Page 568
8 Positron accelerator operation......Page 570
I Introduction......Page 577
2 Principles of the racetrack microtron......Page 578
3 Design details for a racetrack microtron......Page 583
4 Conclusion......Page 590
2 Basic principles......Page 593
3 The rf separators of Panofsky and Schnell......Page 594
4 DeJEecting waves and structures......Page 596
5 Separator optics......Page 602
7 Present status and future developments......Page 604
PART C Proton Linear......Page 608
THEORY......Page 12
C.1.1a Introduction......Page 609
I Introduction......Page 611
2 The Alvarez structure......Page 612
4 EfSect of individual cell tuning errors......Page 617
5 Optimisation......Page 621
1 Introduction......Page 625
3 Possible cavity configurations......Page 630
4 Specijic properties of the &n-mode......Page 632
5 The side-coupled accelerator structure......Page 633
2 Mathematical formulations......Page 641
3 Discretization of the partial derivative......Page 644
4 Expression of boundary conditions......Page 647
6 Error evaluation......Page 650
8 External improvements of convergence rate......Page 652
9 Calculation of electrical parameters......Page 654
10 Results......Page 655
1 I Non-zero modes......Page 657
12 Efects of the stems and of the aperiodicity......Page 658
I Shunt impedance and transit time factor......Page 661
2 Travelli~ig versus standing wave operation......Page 683
3 Some dejnitions......Page 685
4 Structures with resonant coupling......Page 689
5 Structures with non-resonant coupling......Page 733
6 Comparison of structures for shunt......Page 752
Particle Dynamics at Low Intensity......Page 13
I Diferences between pro ton- and elec tron-dynamics......Page 763
3 Accelerating structure design......Page 764
5 Phase law......Page 766
7 Debuncher......Page 768
I Introduction......Page 771
2 Field representations......Page 773
3 Series expansions of the jields......Page 776
4 Voltage, transit time factor and other......Page 778
5 Motion of a proton in a spacially homogeneous......Page 781
6 General considerations on perturbation......Page 783
7 Derivation of the non-relativistic......Page 785
8 Non-relativistic diference equations......Page 788
9 Relativisfic corrections......Page 789
10 Application to linac design and computation......Page 791
1 The need for focusing......Page 809
2 Elements of the periodic structures theory......Page 810
3 Stability diagrams......Page 812
4 High energy focusing......Page 818
2 Longitudinal phase acceptance......Page 821
3 Coupling between longitudinal and transverse......Page 823
5 Misalignments and errors......Page 825
7 EfSect of space charge......Page 827
Particle Dynamics at High Intensity......Page 14
1 Beam loading......Page 829
4 Other eflects......Page 830
5 Beam break up......Page 831
1 Various methods of analysis......Page 833
2 Transients calculation by cylindrical......Page 834
3 Normal mode analysis......Page 836
4 Results and comparison with measurements......Page 839
5 Field induced by the beam......Page 842
6 Efiects of beam loading......Page 843
7 Methods for improvements......Page 846
8 Conclusive remarks......Page 848
I Introduction......Page 851
2 Longitudinal space charge efect......Page 852
3 Transverse space charge eflect......Page 854
4 Self-consistent models......Page 855
5 Numerical models......Page 858
6 Limitations......Page 860
TECHNOLOGY......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 861
2 Ion sources......Page 862
3 Optics......Page 876
4 The accelerating tube......Page 877
I Introduction......Page 903
2 Lay-out and brief description......Page 904
3 Requirements......Page 905
4 Actual structures......Page 910
5 Buncher and debuncher......Page 917
C.2.2b High Energy Structures.......Page 921
1 Introduction......Page 929
2 Accelerating structure as a resonant load......Page 930
3 The power source......Page 949
4 The coupled system - ampliJier and accelerating......Page 951
5 Controls and instrumentation......Page 955
1 Beam monitoring......Page 959
2 Proton linac shielding......Page 974
3 Linac cooliug and vacuum requirements......Page 983
4 Description of a typical installation......Page 990
2 Tasks for the computer......Page 995
3 Limitations of the computer......Page 996
4 Advantages of a computer......Page 997
5 Survey of applications......Page 998
VARIOUS TYPES......Page 16
I General layout of injection. Injection......Page 1001
2 Required characteristics......Page 1003
3 Typical performances......Page 1004
4 Improvement activities......Page 1007
5 Injectors,for the generation of synchrotrons......Page 1009
2 Comparison of injector and nuclear......Page 1011
3 A nuclear physics machine......Page 1012
4 Beam quality......Page 1014
5 Variable energy......Page 1016
6 Polarized beams......Page 1017
8 Operation......Page 1018
C.3.3 Meson Production......Page 1023
I Introduction......Page 1035
2 Conceptual arrangement of the Chalk......Page 1036
3 Accelerator......Page 1037
4 Targets......Page 1039
5 Special.features and problems......Page 1041
1 Introduction......Page 1049
2 General considerations......Page 1050
3 Acceleration in the CERN proton......Page 1051
PART D Heavy Ion......Page 1053
I Introduction......Page 1054
2 Requirements on particle energy......Page 1055
3 Ion sources......Page 1056
4 Stripping......Page 1059
5 The pressure transparency......Page 1063
6 Heavy ion accelerators......Page 1067
I DifSerence between proton and heavy-particle......Page 1072
2 Existing niaciiines......Page 1076
3 Proposed heavy-ion linacs......Page 1084
1 Introduction......Page 1098
2 Grid focusing......Page 1099
3 Alternating focusing......Page 1104
PART E Superconducting......Page 1113
1 The historical background......Page 1114
2 The surface impedance of metals......Page 1115
3 Macroscopic theories of high frequency......Page 1117
4 Recent theories of the rf conductivity......Page 1120
5 The use of superconductors at uhf......Page 1129
I Introduction......Page 1132
2 Theory......Page 1134
3 Design......Page 1145
4 Limits on the gradient and current......Page 1156
5 Application to accelerators......Page 1160
1 Introduction......Page 1166
2 Accelerating structure......Page 1168
3 Injection......Page 1174
4 Beam dynamics......Page 1175
5 Beam loading......Page 1177
6 Pavametevs, design features......Page 1188
7 Superconducting particle separators......Page 1192
Author Index......Page 1206
Subject Index......Page 1222