Legal referencing

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction to Legal Referencing and this Guide
	1.1
IMPORTANCE OF LEGAL REFERENCING
	1.2 The reader
	1.3 The writer
	1.4 The piece of writing
	1.5 SummaryA writer of legal material
	1.6
THIS GUIDE
	1.7 Why is it necessary to have a guide to legal referencing?
	1.8 Aim of this guide
	1.9 Non-law referencing
	1.10 Legal referencing styles
	1.11 Which style to use?
	1.12 Terminology used in this guide
	1.13 Extent of this guide
	1.14 Organisation of this guide
	1.15
PRIMARY MATERIALS AND SECONDARY MATERIALS
	1.16 Primary legal materials
	1.17 Secondary legal materials
	1.18
FIRST NATIONS MATERIALS
	1.19
IN SUMMARY
Chapter 2 Non-Legal Styles of Referencing
	2.1
THERE IS MORE THAN ONE REFERENCING STYLE
	2.2
THE PARENTHETICAL STYLE OF REFERENCING (THE HARVARD SYSTEM)
	2.3 In-text referencing styles
	2.4 How to use in-text referencing
	2.5 Citing legal materials using the parenthetical style of referencing Legislation
	2.6 Example
	2.7 Bibliography, reference list and Harvard
Chapter 3 Legal Referencing
	3.1
FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES: LEGAL REFERENCING
	3.2 What are footnotes and endnotes?
	3.3 The difference between footnotes and endnotes
	3.4 Pinpoint citation
	3.5 How to repeat a citation
	3.6 When to use Latin
	3.7 When to use ‘(n [footnote number])’, ‘above’ and ‘below’
	3.8
WHICH METHOD OF REPEAT CITATION TO USE
	3.9 The ‘(n [footnote number])’ method
	3.10 Case and Legislation Citation
	3.11 Do not repeat citations in full — unless an abbreviation would result in confusion
	3.12
USING A SOFTWARE PACKAGE
Chapter 4 The Fundamentals of Legal Referencing and Writing
	4.1
HOW DO YOU KNOW WHEN TO REFERENCE?
	4.2 Prefix signals for footnotes or endnotes
	4.3 How to reference more than one authority
	4.4 How to reference quotations
	4.5
WEIGHT OF AUTHORITY
	4.6
WHATEVER YOU DO, DO NOT PLAGIARISE!
	4.7 Why you should not plagiarise
	4.8 What is plagiarism?
	4.9 How do I know what to acknowledge?
	4.10 How to avoid plagiarism
	4.11 How to incorporate other people’s work/external materials into your own
	4.12 How do I know when I am plagiarising?
	4.13 Referencing gives your writing credibility
	4.14 WARNING — DETECTION OF PLAGIARISM IS NOT HARD!
	4.15 Be wise!
	4.16 LEGAL WRITING
	4.17 Legal writing is a skill
	4.18 Steps to take in legal writing
	4.19
APPENDICES AND TABLES
	4.20
BIBLIOGRAPHY
	4.21
SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT POINTS
Chapter 5 Improving your Legal Writing and Referencing
	5.1
THE AIM OF THIS CHAPTER
	5.2
NINE STEPS TO IMPROVE YOUR LEGAL WRITING
	5.3
IMPROVING YOUR LEGAL WRITING THROUGH NOTE-TAKING AND NOTE-MAKING
	5.4 The difference between note-taking and note-making
	5.5
IMPROVING YOUR LEGAL WRITING THROUGH PARAPHRASING AND QUOTATION
	5.6
EXERCISE
	5.7
EXERCISE
	5.8
KNOWING WHEN TO REFERENCE
	5.9
TOP FIVE TIPS FOR IMPROVING LEGAL REFERENCING
	5.10
EXERCISE
	5.11
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
Chapter 6 Case Law
	6.1
WHAT IS CASE LAW?
	6.2
CASE LAW CITATION
	6.3 The aim of this chapter
	6.4 Citing case law found in secondary sources
	6.5 Reported and unreported decisions
	6.6 Medium neutral citation
	6.7
CITATION OF REPORTED DECISIONS
	6.8 Case name
	6.9 Year
	6.10 Volume number
	6.11 Abbreviation of the law report
	6.12 Commencing page number
	6.13 Pinpoint citation
	6.14 The court (optional)
	6.15 Cases which are reported more than once
	6.16
REFERENCING A JUDICIAL STATEMENT
	6.17 Quoting a judicial statement in your text
	6.18 Referring to statements of the judiciary in your text
	6.19 Be accurate when referring to judicial statements
	6.20
REPEATING THE NAME OF A CASE IN YOUR TEXT
	6.21 Shortening the uncommon case name
	6.22 Using a popular case name
	6.23
CASE HISTORY
	6.24
UNREPORTED DECISIONS
	6.25 Alternative citations
	6.26 Non-court/tribunal decisions
	6.27
MEDIUM NEUTRAL CITATION
	6.28 Parties
	6.29 Year of the decision
	6.30 Designator
	6.31 Sequential judgment number
	6.32 Pinpoint citation
	6.33 How and when to use medium neutral citation
	6.34 When to use the URL/web address and when to use the medium neutral citation
	6.35 Hybrid citation — or what happens when an electronic decision with a medium neutral citation is reported
	6.36 Unreported decisions and using medium neutral citation before courts
	6.37
GUIDELINES FOR CITING CASES
	6.38
QUICK VIEW SUMMARY OF PREFERRED CITATION FOR CASES ADOPTED BY AGLC
Chapter 7 Statutes and Non-judicial Sources of Law
	7.1
THE AIM OF THIS CHAPTER
	7.2
HOW TO CITE A STATUTE
	7.3 Statute citation using the statute’s short title
	7.4 Sections
	7.5 Subsections
	7.6 Paragraphs and sub-paragraphs
	7.7 Parts and divisions
	7.8 Schedules
	7.9 Statute citation using year and number
	7.10
DELEGATED LEGISLATION
	7.11 Citation of delegated legislation
	7.12
CONSTITUTIONS
	7.13
TREATIES
	7.14
GUIDELINES FOR CITING STATUTES
	7.15
QUICK VIEW SUMMARY OF PREFERRED CITATION FOR LEGISLATION, DELEGATED LEGISLATION AND TREATIES ADOPTED BY THE AGLC
Chapter 8 Books, Looseleaf Services, Legal Encyclopaedias and Legal Dictionaries
	8.1
WHAT ARE SECONDARY LEGAL MATERIALS?
	8.2
BOOKS
	8.3 Book citation
	8.4 Author’s name
	8.5 Title
	8.6 Publisher
	8.7 Edition
	8.8 Place of publication
	8.9 Date of publication
	8.10 Page reference
	8.11
VOLUMES, UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND INTERNAL CITATION
	8.12 Volume
	8.13 Unpublished manuscripts
	8.14 Internal citation
	8.15
LOOSELEAF SERVICES
	8.16 Author(s)
	8.17 Publisher
	8.18 Title of service
	8.19 Title of section
	8.20 Volume number
	8.21 Date
	8.22 Pinpoint
	8.23
LEGAL ENCYCLOPAEDIAS
	8.24 Publisher and title of encyclopaedia
	8.25 Volume number
	8.26 Subject title
	8.27 Paragraph number
	8.28
LEGAL DICTIONARIES
	8.29 QUICK VIEW SUMMARY FOR PREFERRED CITATION OF BOOKS AND CHAPTERS IN EDITED BOOKS ADOPTED BY AGLC
Chapter 9 Journal Articles
	9.1
WHAT IS A JOURNAL?
	9.2
FORMAT OF A JOURNAL CITATION
	9.3 Author(s)
	9.4 Title of article
	9.5 Year
	9.6 Volume and/or issue number
	9.7 Title of journal
	9.8 First page of the article
	9.9 Pinpoint
	9.10
BOOK REVIEWS
	9.11 Name of the reviewer
	9.12 ‘Book review’
	9.13 Title of review
	9.14 Material reviewed
	9.15 Citation of source
	9.16
WHERE TO FIND THE INFORMATION
	9.17
QUICK VIEW SUMMARY OF PREFERRED CITATION FOR JOURNALS ADOPTED BY AGLC
Chapter 10 How to Cite Non-legal Materials
	10.1
INTRODUCTION
	10.2
CITATION OF NEWSPAPERS
	10.3 Author
	10.4 Title of article
	10.5 Name of newspaper
	10.6 Edition
	10.7 Page reference
	10.8 Citation reference point
	10.9 Electronic newspaper
	10.10
FORMAT OF A MAGAZINE CITATION
	10.11
CONFERENCE PAPERS
	10.12 Published conference proceedings
	10.13 Unpublished conference proceedings
	10.14
UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL (RESEARCH PAPERS, THESES)
	10.15 Citation of unpublished papers
	10.16 Citation of interviews
	10.17 Media releases
	10.18 Radio programs, podcasts and blogs
	10.19 Television programs
	10.20 Speech, address or lecture
	10.21
ANNUAL REPORTS
Chapter 11 Parliamentary Debates, Reports and Bills
	11.1 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES
	11.2 Jurisdiction
	11.3 Title
	11.4 House of Parliament
	11.5 Date
	11.6 Page
	11.7 Name of Speaker
	11.8 REPORTS
	11.9 Author(s) or issuing body
	11.10 Title
	11.11 Series number or category of reportWhere a report has a category or a number it will usually
	11.12 DateIt is important to
	11.13 Page or paragraph
	11.14 BILLS
12
How to Cite Legal Materials Located Electronically
	12.1
IS THERE A CORRECT METHOD OF ELECTRONIC CITATION?
	12.2 What if there is both a hard copy and an electronic version?
	12.3 What this chapter covers
	12.4
CITATION OF MATERIAL FROM THE INTERNET
	12.5
PRIMARY MATERIALS
	12.6 Title of case or legislation
	12.7 Court
	12.8 Judge
	12.9 Date decision is handed down
	12.10 Pinpoint: page or paragraph
	12.11
SECONDARY MATERIALS
	12.12 Author(s)
	12.13 Title
	12.14 Title of complete work
	12.15 Date of publication or last revision
	12.16 URLs
	12.17
CORRESPONDENCE AND EMAIL MESSAGES
	12.18 Type of correspondence
	12.19 From author
	12.20 To recipient
	12.21 Date of sending
	12.22 URL (where relevant)
	12.23 Pinpoint
	12.24
SOCIAL MEDIA
	12.25 Facebook
	12.26 Twitter
	12.27 YouTube
	12.28 Instagram
	12.29 App — Android or iPhone
	12.30
EBOOKS
	B12.31
IBLIOGRAPHY
13
United Kingdom, Canada and United States
	13.1
THE AIM OF THIS CHAPTER
	13.2
UNITED KINGDOM
	13.3
CANADA
	13.4
UNITED STATES
14
Referencing in Exams
	14.1
TO REFERENCE OR NOT TO REFERENCE?
	14.2 The type of referencing which may be required
	14.3 The type of examination
	14.4
HOW TO REFERENCE IN A CLOSED-BOOK EXAM
	14.5 Cases
	14.6 Statutes
	14.7 Secondary materials
	14.8 Italicising and underlining
	14.9
HOW TO REFERENCE IN AN OPEN-BOOK EXAM
	14.10
HOW TO REFERENCE IN A TAKE-HOME EXAM
15
REFERENCING SOFTWARE
	15.1
INTRODUCTION
	15.2
WHICH PROGRAM TO USE/ACCURACY
	15.3
ZOTERO
	15.4
ENDNOTE
16
Where to Find Help
	16.1
THE AIM OF THIS CHAPTER
	16.2
SELECTED FURTHER REFERENCES
	16.3 Legal referencing guides
	16.4
HANDY INTRODUCTORY REFERENCES
	16.5 General and stylistic references
	16.6 References for the parenthetical style
	16.7 Referencing primary legal materials
	16.8 Referencing in examinations
	16.9 References from other disciplines
	16.10 Writing research papers
	16.11 Should we worry about referencing at all?
	16.12
SUMMARY
Appendix 1  RECOMMENDED ABBREVIATIONS FOR USE IN CITATION
Appendix 2
CITATION OF LAW REPORTS
Appendix 3
DESIGNATORS FOR COURTS AND TRIBUNALS
Appendix 4
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE (FOOTNOTE/ENDNOTE)
Appendix 5
AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION (4TH EDITION)
Appendix 6
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 2ND, 3RD AND 4TH EDITIONS OF THE AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION
Appendix 7
DESIGNATORS FOR JOURNALS AND OTHER RESOURCES (LIST COURTESY OF AUSTLII )
Index
Related LexisNexis Titles