Latin American Social Policy Developments in the Twenty-First Century

Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 The Latin American Social Protection Systems in Action: Triggers and Outcomes of Reforms at the Start of the Twenty-First Century
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Definitions and Typologies of Welfare Regimes in Latin America
	1.3 How Social Protection Systems and Policies Are Changing in Latin America
	1.4 Explaining Social Protection Change in Latin America
	1.5 The Results of Social Protection Systems in Latin America
	1.6 What Is Happening with Social Protection Systems in Latin America and What Are Their Future Challenges: An Overview of This Book
	References
Part I Durability and Change in Latin American Welfare Regimes
2 Stratified Universalistic Regimes in the Twenty-First Century: Widening and Compounding Inequalities in Welfare and Social Structure in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Historical Background of the Social Protection Systems in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay
	2.3 Economic, Political, Social and Demographic Transformations of the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
	2.4 Welfare regimes in Argentina, Costa Rica, Chile and Uruguay After the Turn of the Century
		2.4.1 The Transformations Experienced in the 2000s: From Neoliberal Reforms to a Rights-Based Turn?
		2.4.2 The Transformations Experienced in the 2010s: Slowdown of Progress and Blasts from the Past?
	2.5 Forthcoming Challenges and the Road Ahead
	References
3 Actors and Social Reforms in Five Dual Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Characteristic of the DWR of LA During the Period of ISI
	3.3 Welfare Gaps Among DWR in the 1970s and 1980s
	3.4 Reforms of Pensions and Health Systems, and the Creation of Conditional Cash Transfers
		3.4.1 Reforms of the Pension Systems
			3.4.1.1 Parametric Reforms with Complementary Private Pensions
			3.4.1.2 Structural Reforms: The Creation of Private Pension Savings Schemes
			3.4.1.3 Results of the Pensions Reforms in the Welfare DR of LA
		3.4.2 Reforms of the Health Systems
		3.4.3 Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes
	3.5 The Impact of the Reforms
	References
4 Reviewing Exclusionary Welfare Regimes: Andean Countries (Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru)
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Welfare Regimes in the Andean World
	4.3 ¿New Welfare Paradigm? Development Models and State Transformations
		4.3.1 Change Is Constitutionalized in Bolivia and Ecuador
		4.3.2 New Welfare Paradigms in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru
	4.4 Welfare Regimes in Andean Countries in the Twenty-First Century
		4.4.1 Decommodification: Health, Education, and Transfers
		4.4.2 Stratification: Poverty, Inequality, and Historical Fractures
		4.4.3 Commodification: Informality and Social Security
		4.4.4 (De)familiarization: Labour Market, Time-Use, And Fragilities
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 How ‘Liberal’ Are Latin American Welfare Regimes?
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Liberal World of Welfare Capitalism
		5.2.1 The Liberal Welfare Regime in Esping-Andersen
		5.2.2 The Elusive Core of the Liberal Welfare Regime
		5.2.3 ‘Real’ Liberal Welfare Regime
	5.3 Latin America’s Welfare Regimes: Institutions and Evolution
		5.3.1 Welfare Institutions in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
		5.3.2 Reforms into the Twenty-First Century: ‘Modest Social Insurance’
		5.3.3 Reforms into the Twenty-First Century: ‘Means-Tested Social Assistance’
	5.4 How Liberal Are Latin American Welfare Institutions?
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
Part II Explaining Social Policy Change and Its Consequences in Latin America
6 Social Security and Pension Systems: The Deep Stratification of Latin American Societies
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Main Features of Current Pension Systems in Latin America: Typologies and Policy Architectures
		6.2.1 Policy Architecture
			6.2.1.1 Eligibility
			6.2.1.2 Benefits
			6.2.1.3 Funding
			6.2.1.4 Providers
			6.2.1.5 What Is the Impact of This Architecture on the Degree of Social Stratification?
		6.2.2 Typologies of Contributory and Non-Contributory Pensions in Latin America
			6.2.2.1 Contributory Pensions
			6.2.2.2 Non-Contributory Pensions
	6.3 Trajectories of Change/Reform in the Last 30 Years
		6.3.1 Reforms in the Washington Consensus Era
		6.3.2 Reforms in the 2000s
			6.3.2.1 Drivers of the Second Wave of Reforms
			6.3.2.2 Comparative Analysis of the Reforms in the 1990s and 2000s
			6.3.2.3 Outcomes of the Second Wave of Reforms
	6.4 Conclusions and Challenges for the Twenty-First Century
	References
7 Health Care Reform in Latin America: Not All Roads Lead to Rome
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Main Features of Healthcare Typologies
	7.3 Trajectories of Reform and Changes (1980–2015)
		7.3.1 Changes (and Continuities) in Latin American Health System Structure: Analysis of the Effects of the Reforms
		7.3.2 Country Cases
			7.3.2.1 Colombia
			7.3.2.2 México
			7.3.2.3 Uruguay
			7.3.2.4 Argentina
	7.4 Conclusions and Challenges for This Policy
	References
8 Social Assistance: Conditional Cash Transfers—A Gateway into Social Protection Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Main Features of Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes
	8.3 Trajectories of Change of Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes
	8.4 Conclusions and Challenges
	References
9 Beyond States and Markets: Families and Family Regimes in Latin America
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Families and the Unbalanced Patriarchal Contract in Latin America
	9.3 A Problematic Transition of the Latin American Family Regime: Diverging Family Patterns and the Persistence of the Unbalanced Patriarchal Contract
	9.4 Family Policies: Present but Not Sufficient
		9.4.1 Confronting Unbalanced Patriarchy: Lights and Shadows
		9.4.2 Maternalist Redistribution Only Takes You so Far
	9.5 The Politics Behind the Policies
	9.6 In Closing
	References
10 Family Policies in Latin American Countries: Re-enforcing Familialism
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Well-Being and Families: Theoretical Expectations
	10.3 Deciphering Family Policies
	10.4 Types of Most Common Family Policies in Latin America
		10.4.1 Sequential Policies: Maternity, Paternity and Parental Leaves
		10.4.2 Cash Transfer Policies: Anti-poverty Policies Reinforcing Familiarism
		10.4.3 Care Services: Between Informal Care and the Complete Absence of the State and Market
			10.4.3.1 Childcare in Early Childhood
			10.4.3.2 Long-Term Care for Elderly Adults and People with Disabilities: The Exchange of Services for Income Transfer
	10.5 Determinants of Change
	10.6 Final Considerations
	References
Part III The end of an era?
11 The Paradigmatic Radical Reform in Brazil’s Social Policies: The Impact of the Temer Administration
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Key Concepts—Retrenchment, (De)Regulation, Dismantling Policies: Blame Avoidance or Credit Claiming?
	11.3 Explanatory Factors: Why and How Does It Happen?
	11.4 The New Fiscal Regime
	11.5 Federal Constitution—1988: The Basis for Expansion, the Reference for the NFR’s Impact
	11.6 Why Was It Possible to Implement This Systemic Retrenchment?
	11.7 Final Considerations
	References
Index