Large Camel Farming: A Care-Management Guide from Breeding to Camel Products

Foreword
Introduction (Preface)
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1: General Information on Large Camelids in the World: Origin, Taxonomy, Biodiversity, and New Settlements
	1.1 Origin, Taxonomy, and Present Status of Large Camelids in the World
	1.2 Biodiversity and New Settlements
	References
2: Anatomical Features of Large Camelids
	2.1 General Compliance
	2.2 The Skeleton
	2.3 Dentition
	2.4 Internal Anatomy
		2.4.1 Muscular Apparatus
		2.4.2 Nervous System
		2.4.3 Lymphoid System
		2.4.4 Blood System
		2.4.5 Respiratory System
		2.4.6 Digestive System
		2.4.7 Urinary System
		2.4.8 Locomotor System
		2.4.9 Abdominal Topography
	References
3: Physiology of Large Camelids: Life Cycle, Adaption to Ecosystems, and Reproduction
	3.1 The Life Cycle of Large Camelids
	3.2 Mechanisms of Adaptation
		3.2.1 Adaptation to Heat
		3.2.2 Adaptation to Drought
		3.2.3 Adaptation to Malnutrition
	3.3 The Physiological Basis of Reproduction
		3.3.1 The Sexual Cycle in Camels
		3.3.2 The Sexual Cycle in Males
		3.3.3 Mating
		3.3.4 Gestation
		3.3.5 Parturition (Box 3.1)
			Box 3.1 Stages of Eutocic Delivery in Camels (Fig. 3.21)
	References
4: The Physiological Basis of Large Camelid Lactation, Digestion, and Nutrition
	4.1 Physiology of Lactation
		4.1.1 Udder Morphology
		4.1.2 Milk Flow
		4.1.3 The Lactation Curve
	4.2 The Physiological Basis of Digestion and Nutrition
		4.2.1 Digestion in Large Camelids
		4.2.2 Nutrition of Large Camelids
		4.2.3 Feeding Behavior
		4.2.4 Quantities Ingested
		4.2.5 Storage and Destocking of Fat Reserves
		4.2.6 Water Requirements
			Box 4.1 Dromedary Watering Patterns (Ethiopia, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan) (Fig. 4.9)
	References
5: Technical Management of a Camel Farm with a Focus on Dairy: Breeding and Young Animal Rearing, Milking, and Feeding
	5.1 Reproductive Management
		5.1.1 Management of Reproduction
		5.1.2 Assistance to the Parturition
		5.1.3 Care of the Newborn Camel
		5.1.4 Adoption Techniques
		5.1.5 Management of Breeding Males
		5.1.6 Reproductive Biotechnology
			5.1.6.1 Artificial Insemination (AI)
			5.1.6.2 Embryo Transfer (ET)
	5.2 Management of Milking
		5.2.1 Presence of the Camel Calf
		5.2.2 Pace of Milking
		5.2.3 Types of Milking
		5.2.4 Milk Ejection and Milking Quality
		5.2.5 Training Camels in Mechanical Milking
		5.2.6 Hygiene of Milking
			Box 5.1 Teepol or CMT (California Mastitis Test) (Fig. 5.25)
	5.3 Rearing Young
		5.3.1 Youth Sustainability
		5.3.2 Weaning
		5.3.3 Growth Control and Measurements
	5.4 Feeding Management
		5.4.1 Feed Requirements
			5.4.1.1 Energy Requirements
			5.4.1.2 Nitrogen Requirements
			5.4.1.3 Water Requirements
			5.4.1.4 Mineral and Vitamin Requirements
		5.4.2 Potential Food Resources
		5.4.3 Calculation of Ration
	References
6: Animal Health Management and Veterinary Practices in a Camel Farm
	6.1 Restraint Techniques
		6.1.1 Head Restraint
		6.1.2 Limb Restraint
			6.1.2.1 Restraint of the Animal in the Stooped Position
			6.1.2.2 Restraint of the Standing Animal
	6.2 Sedation and Anesthesia
	6.3 Clinical Examination and Specimens
		6.3.1 General Clinical Examination
			Box 6.1 Body Condition Scoring Grid (Fig. 6.20)
		6.3.2 Blood Sampling
		6.3.3 Other Types of Sampling
	6.4 Interpretation of Analyses
	6.5 Diseases and Conditions
		6.5.1 Skin Problems
		6.5.2 External Parasites
		6.5.3 Eye and Sinus Conditions
		6.5.4 Locomotion Disorders
		6.5.5 Trypanosomosis
		6.5.6 Digestive Disorders
		6.5.7 Respiratory Problems
		6.5.8 Reproductive Pathologies
		6.5.9 Major Infectious Diseases
	6.6 Necropsy
	References
7: Economic Management of a Dairy Camel Farm
	7.1 Animal Identification
		7.1.1 Types of Identification
		7.1.2 Implementation of a Farm Database
	7.2 Demographic Model
	7.3 Economic Profitability Assessment Model
		7.3.1 Expenditure Items
			7.3.1.1 The Cost of Food
			7.3.1.2 Veterinary Costs
			7.3.1.3 Manpower Cost
			7.3.1.4 Depreciation Costs
			7.3.1.5 Expenses Related to the Marketing of Milk
		7.3.2 The Products
		7.3.3 Final Profitability
	References
8: Camel Products and Services: From Dairy, Meat, and Nonfood Products to Riding and Transport, Including Slaughter
	8.1 Camel Milk Processing
		8.1.1 Fermented Milk: From Traditional Product to Dairy Industry
		8.1.2 Pasteurized Camel Milk
		8.1.3 Sterilized Milk
		8.1.4 Camel Milk Yogurt
		8.1.5 Camel Butter
		8.1.6 Camel Cheese
		8.1.7 Camel Milk Powder
		8.1.8 Other Camel Milk Products
		8.1.9 Nonfood Processing of Camel Milk
	8.2 Camel Meat Products
		8.2.1 Slaughter
			8.2.1.1 Type of Slaughter
			8.2.1.2 Carcass Cutting
		8.2.2 The Nutritional Quality of Camel Meat
		8.2.3 Processing of Meat Products
	8.3 Other Camel Products
		8.3.1 Wool
		8.3.2 Camel Leather
		8.3.3 Manure
	8.4 The Service Functions
		8.4.1 Saddled Mounts
		8.4.2 Packed or Hitched Transport
		8.4.3 The Auxiliary of Agriculture
	8.5 Camel Transport
		Box 8.1 Dromedary Service Functions (Fig. 8.28)
	References