Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe (The Wiles Lectures)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Chronology 1450–1794......Page 12
Prologue: communities and domains......Page 17
THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF LANGUAGE......Page 18
THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNITY......Page 21
THE COMPARATIVE APPROACH......Page 23
THREE PROBLEMS......Page 25
STORIES......Page 29
THE LATER MIDDLE AGES......Page 31
DISCOVERING LANGUAGE......Page 32
DEFECIT AND ABUNDANCE......Page 33
1. THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE......Page 35
The comparative approach......Page 40
2. LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY......Page 41
Sociolects......Page 45
Language and religion......Page 48
Language and gender......Page 49
Dialects......Page 51
Playwrights as witnesses......Page 54
The importance of accent......Page 56
CHAPTER 2 Latin: a language in search of a community......Page 59
LATIN IN THE CHURCH......Page 64
LATIN IN THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS......Page 68
THE WHIG INTERPRETATION AND ITS PROBLEMS......Page 77
THE RENAISSANCE AND THE PRAISES OF THE VERNACULAR......Page 81
COMPETITION......Page 86
LINGUISTIC DOMAINS......Page 87
LAW AND ADMINISTRATION......Page 88
LANGUAGE AND POLITICS......Page 91
THE DOMAIN OF LEARNING......Page 92
THE LANGUAGES OF RELIGION......Page 94
TRANSLATIONS......Page 95
IMPERIALISM......Page 97
WINNERS AND LOSERS IN EUROPE......Page 98
FRENCH AS A LINGUA FRANCA......Page 101
CHAPTER 4 Standardizing languages......Page 105
THE ROLE OF PRINT......Page 107
CODIFICATION......Page 110
ORTHOGRAPHY AND PUNCTUATION......Page 111
THE VICTORY OF A DIALECT......Page 113
THE LANGUAGE OF THE BIBLE......Page 118
THE ROLE OF THE PRINTERS......Page 122
THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE......Page 124
CENTRIPETAL VERSUS CENTRIFUGAL......Page 125
CHAPTER 5 Mixing languages......Page 127
LANGUAGE LEARNING......Page 129
THE CASE OF ENGLISH......Page 131
LOCALES OF ENCOUNTER......Page 133
PERCEPTIONS OF MIXTURE......Page 136
ENCOUNTERS AND EXCHANGES......Page 138
THE CASE OF PORTUGUESE ABROAD......Page 141
MIXING IN EUROPE......Page 142
THE ARMY AS A MELTING POT......Page 145
PRAGMATIC MIXING......Page 147
PLAYFUL MIXING: THE RISE OF MACARONICS......Page 149
LINGUISTIC EXCHANGES......Page 154
CHAPTER 6 Purifying languages......Page 157
CAMPAIGNS FOR PURITY......Page 158
PURIFYING LATIN......Page 160
STANDARDIZATION AS PURIFICATION......Page 161
DEFENSIVE PURISM, RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION......Page 162
THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES......Page 166
ANTI-PURISM......Page 170
PURITY AND DANGER......Page 172
LANGUAGES AND NATIONS BEFORE 1750......Page 176
THE CASE OF SKÅNE......Page 178
THE LATER EIGHTEENTH CENTURY......Page 179
IMAGINED COMMUNITIES......Page 182
NATIONALISM AND PURITY......Page 185
APPENDIX Languages in Europe 1450–1789......Page 189
Bibliography......Page 192
Index......Page 216