Language: A Right and a Resource: Approaches to Linguistic Human Rights

Language: A Right and a Resource......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 4
LIST OF TABLES......Page 6
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 7
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 11
Conceptualising and Implementing Linguistic Human Rights......Page 12
Three Central Tasks for LHR Research......Page 13
Cross-disciplinary Concept Clarification......Page 14
Language(s) as Problem, Right or Resource?......Page 16
Access to Minimally Two Languages is a Right......Page 17
Access to Languages......Page 18
Three Ways to Restrict Language-in-education Rights......Page 21
Multidisciplinarity in LHRs......Page 26
Notes......Page 29
References......Page 30
GENERAL ISSUES......Page 33
International Languages......Page 34
Whose Interests Do International Languages Serve?......Page 36
The Diffusion of English, or the Ecology of Language?......Page 37
A Utopian Intermezzo:  Proposals for a Genuinely Neutral International Language, Esperanto, in the L.........Page 40
Language Rights in Supra-statal Organizations......Page 43
International Linguistic Hegemony......Page 49
Notes......Page 50
References......Page 53
Heroes, Rebels, Communities and States in Language Rights Activism and Litigation......Page 56
Activism Today. Why?......Page 57
Activism and Democracy......Page 58
A Test for Activism: Empowerment, Justice and Larger-than-Local Interests......Page 59
Generalized Criticisms of Legal Systems......Page 60
Law as Ideology......Page 61
Law as a Sphere of Action......Page 62
Language Rights in Canada: A Background......Page 63
Three Types of Rights Conferred......Page 65
Elaboration and Promulgation: Processes Based on Ideology......Page 67
Rise of States, Loss of Community Autonomy......Page 68
The Rise of the Duality Ideology: Countering the Homogenizing Ideology......Page 69
Negotiating Consent for the Duality Ideology......Page 70
A Tidal Wave of Litigation......Page 72
Courts Weaving Grounds Between Minority Development and State Powers......Page 73
Rebels and Heroes: Confronting the State and the Communities......Page 74
The Impetus for Litigation......Page 75
Individuals and Organizations as Beneficiaries of Litigation......Page 76
Community Development:  The Choices at Hand......Page 77
Opting for Homogeneous Schools......Page 79
The Establishment of School Management Systems: a Degree of Self-determination......Page 80
New Institutions:  Community Centers and Associations......Page 81
Pedagogy and Litigation:  States Listening and Hearing......Page 83
The Judiciarization of Social and Political Relations......Page 84
The Boomerang Effect:  State Obligations......Page 85
Strategies for Thought......Page 86
The Fragility of Language Rights......Page 87
Note......Page 88
References......Page 89
Introduction......Page 90
(Press) Reports......Page 91
Our Data......Page 93
On the Context of the Prohibitions......Page 94
Three Major Reasons Not to Speak Hungarian......Page 95
On the Usefulness of the Study of Folk Linguistic Rights......Page 98
Conclusion......Page 102
Notes......Page 103
References......Page 104
Societal Structure......Page 107
Underlying Power Structure......Page 110
Policies......Page 111
Implementation Strategies......Page 114
Linguistic human rights......Page 117
Conclusion......Page 120
References......Page 121
LEGAL ISSUES......Page 123
1— The Existing Rights of Minorities......Page 124
2.1.1— Use in Private or Public......Page 125
2.1.2— The Right to Correspond and Communicate......Page 126
2.2.1— The Name or Surname of Individuals......Page 127
2.3.2— Private Use of Minority Script on Posters, Commercial Signs, etc.......Page 128
2.4.2— Private Broadcasting......Page 129
2.4.3— State Licensing and Allocation of Frequencies......Page 130
2.5.1— The Right to Create and Operate Private Educational Facilities......Page 131
2.7.1— The Language of Work and Operations in Economic Activities......Page 132
2.8.2— Use by Political Associations or Parties......Page 133
3— The Use of a Minority Language by the Public Authorities......Page 134
3.1— Use by Administrative and Public Authorities in General......Page 135
3.2.1— Use as Medium of Instruction......Page 137
3.3.— The Right to an Interpreter in Criminal Proceedings......Page 139
3.4.1— State Refusal to Register or Recognize Names/Surnames in a Minority Language......Page 140
3.5.1— Public Media and Publications......Page 141
3.6.1— Exclusion from Elected Positions and Language Requirements......Page 142
3.6.4— The Use of Minority Languages within Elected Bodies......Page 143
3.7— Naturalization, Language and Minorities......Page 144
4— Conclusion......Page 148
Notes......Page 149
The Slovak State Language Law as a Trade Law Problem......Page 154
The Setting:  Slovakia's Obligations in International Trade Law......Page 155
The Audiovisual Media......Page 157
Periodicals and Occasional Publications......Page 162
Labeling of Products......Page 168
Procedural Guarantees......Page 169
Notes......Page 170
MARKET ISSUES......Page 173
The Issue......Page 174
The "Unregulated" Context......Page 175
Elementary Mechanics of Market-Driven Language Spread......Page 176
Market Forces as a Primary Impetus......Page 177
A Closer Look at Labor Market Dynamics......Page 178
Long-Term Dynamics......Page 182
The Regulated Context:  The Case of Gaillimh le Gaeilge......Page 184
Conclusion:  On Policy Implications......Page 187
References......Page 189
The State of the World's Languages......Page 192
Linguistic Genocide and the Market-Value of Languages......Page 195
"Free" Markets:  Trying to Re-create the Illusion of Pre-modern Certainties, in a Post-modern World .........Page 197
Human Rights and the "Free" Market......Page 202
Why Linguistic Human Rights in Education?......Page 206
Opt-outs, Modifications and Alternatives in Educational Clauses......Page 209
Introduction......Page 211
Rights of Language Communities and Language Groups......Page 212
Does "Everyone" Have Language Rights?......Page 214
New Interpretation of Article 27......Page 217
The Hague Recommendations Regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities......Page 218
Conclusion......Page 219
Notes......Page 220
References......Page 222
Language Rights in the Emerging World Linguistic Order:  The State, the Market and Communication Tec.........Page 228
Med-TV:  A Non-State Nation's Access to Satellite TV......Page 230
The Closure of the Turkish State......Page 231
The Erosion of Turkish Sovereignty......Page 232
Territoriality and Satellite Television......Page 234
The Extraterritoriality of State Power......Page 236
Deterritorializing Sovereignty......Page 238
Conclusions......Page 240
Postscript (July 1999)......Page 242
Notes......Page 244
References......Page 245
LANGUAGE PLANNING ISSUES......Page 247
Overcoming the Heritage of Soviet Language Policy......Page 248
The Paradoxes of Language and Political Stability in the Baltics......Page 254
References......Page 264
Latvia:  Ethnoprofiles and the Sociolinguistic Situation......Page 266
Law on State Language......Page 268
Language Use in Private Enterprises/Companies......Page 271
Personal Names......Page 274
Conclusion......Page 277
References......Page 278
EDUCATION AND ETHNICITY ISSUES......Page 280
Introduction......Page 281
The Development of Education for Deaf People......Page 282
Deaf Children in Hungarian Schools......Page 283
The Pathological Versus the Anthropological Paradigm......Page 284
Sign Language as a Prerequisite for Learning an Oral Language......Page 286
Teachers' Attitudes Towards Deafness:  Signing Versus Speaking......Page 287
Which Language is the Mother Tongue of a Deaf Child?......Page 288
The Effects of Meaningless Versus Meaningful Activities......Page 289
The Deaf as a Linguistic/Cultural Minority......Page 290
The Hungarian Case Study Summed Up......Page 291
International Legal Standards......Page 292
The Mother Tongue as the Main Medium of Education......Page 293
Conclusions......Page 294
References......Page 295
Data on Gypsies in Hungary......Page 299
The Legal Framework......Page 301
Two Paradigms......Page 302
Challenges and Possible Solutions?......Page 305
Tendencies in Romani and Boyash Language Planning and Language Policy Before and After 1989......Page 308
Conclusions......Page 313
Notes......Page 314
References......Page 315
Who are the Csángós?......Page 318
The Role of Religion in Csángó Life......Page 321
The Role of the Catholic Church in the Assimilation of the Csángós......Page 322
Notes......Page 329
References......Page 331
B......Page 333
C......Page 334
D......Page 335
E......Page 336
H......Page 337
I......Page 338
L......Page 339
M......Page 341
N......Page 342
P......Page 343
S......Page 344
V......Page 346
Y......Page 347