Language Attrition (Key Topics in Sociolinguistics)

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Figures......Page 10
Tables......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 19
1 Introduction\r......Page 20
The structure of this book......Page 25
Attrition vs incomplete acquisition......Page 26
Part 1 Linguistic aspects of language attrition\r......Page 28
2 \rWhat is attrition?......Page 30
3 \rCross-linguistic influence and the mental lexicon......Page 37
Borrowing......Page 39
Restructuring......Page 45
Convergence......Page 50
Shift......Page 54
Conclusion......Page 56
4 Attrition in the mental lexicon\r......Page 57
Lexical diversity (type-token ratio)......Page 60
Lexical sophistication (lexical frequency profiles)......Page 61
Lexical accessibility (disfluency patterns)......Page 63
Conclusion......Page 64
5 Attrition and the structure of language\r......Page 66
Phonetics and phonology......Page 68
Restructuring......Page 70
Convergence......Page 71
Attrition......Page 72
Grammar: morphemes and syntax......Page 73
Borrowing......Page 76
Restructuring......Page 77
Convergence......Page 79
Shift......Page 82
Attrition......Page 85
Conclusion......Page 86
Part II Extralinguistic aspects of language attrition\r......Page 88
The age factor......Page 90
Age at onset of attrition......Page 91
Language transmission and international adoption......Page 93
Adolescence, identification and acculturation......Page 94
Old age and language reversion......Page 96
Length of residence......Page 97
Conclusion......Page 98
7 The role of L1 input and output\r......Page 100
Interactive L1 use......Page 102
Non-interactive exposure: books and the media......Page 108
The language of thought and emotion......Page 110
Conclusion......Page 113
Migration, identity and bilingual development......Page 115
Attitude and motivation......Page 117
Identity and identification......Page 118
Attitudes, identity and language attrition......Page 120
Conclusion......Page 124
Preliminary considerations......Page 126
Be thorough......Page 128
Baseline requirements......Page 129
Participant acquisition (and a note of caution)......Page 132
Be sensitive......Page 134
Who to compare them against: point of reference......Page 136
Longitudinal studies......Page 137
Control groups......Page 139
How many? The issue of sample size......Page 140
A case in point......Page 141
Sample size and quantitative analyses......Page 142
10 Types of linguistic knowledge\r......Page 144
L2 development as the implicit model for L1 attrition......Page 145
Implicit and explicit knowledge......Page 146
Online and offline tasks......Page 149
Spoken and written language......Page 151
Production, comprehension and processing......Page 152
Conclusion......Page 154
Part IV Experimental designs for attrition research - the language attrition test battery\r......Page 156
Picture Naming Task......Page 160
Picture Word Matching Task......Page 164
PNT and PWMT for specific lexical areas......Page 166
Verbal Fluency Task......Page 167
Construction of the GJT......Page 170
Presentation......Page 171
Pen-and-paper method......Page 173
Speeded GJT......Page 175
Self-paced reading......Page 176
Eye-tracking......Page 178
EEG measures and event-related potentials (ERPs)......Page 181
Types of judgments......Page 184
Interpretation of ambiguous sentences......Page 190
Summary......Page 193
Inflection of (nonsense) words......Page 194
C-Test......Page 200
Summary......Page 203
14 Free speech\r......Page 205
Elicitation......Page 206
Transcription and coding of free-speech data......Page 208
Complexity......Page 209
Errors......Page 210
A taxonomy of errors for attrition research......Page 211
Fluency......Page 212
Conclusion......Page 213
Part V Coding and analysing the data\r......Page 216
15 Transcribing and coding free speech: the CHILDES project\r......Page 218
The structure of CHAT files......Page 219
Header tiers......Page 220
Errors......Page 222
Other codes......Page 223
Checking your files......Page 224
Analysing your texts with the help of the CLAN program......Page 225
Types of data......Page 227
Converting one type of data to another......Page 231
Types of data in the language attrition test battery......Page 232
Missing values......Page 235
Descriptive statistics and visual representation......Page 236
Types of graphs and what they can do......Page 237
17 Interpreting your data: inferential statistics\r......Page 244
Group differences......Page 246
Comparing two groups: the t-test......Page 248
More than two groups: one-way ANOVA......Page 253
The impact of other factors: analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)......Page 255
Parametric tests and covariates......Page 257
Within-group variation: the impact of independent interval variables......Page 258
The relationship between two interval variables: the Pearson Correlation......Page 259
The impact of other factors: partial correlations......Page 260
The interaction of several independent variables......Page 262
The individual contribution of several factors: multiple regression......Page 263
Conclusion......Page 265
Example:......Page 266
18 Conclusion\r......Page 269
Glossary......Page 273
Notes on Chapter 3......Page 278
Notes on Chapter 10......Page 279
Notes on Chapter 14......Page 280
Notes on Chapter 18......Page 281
References......Page 282
Index......Page 294