Jihadism in Scandinavia: Motivations, Experiences, and Change

Contents
1 Introduction
	The Rise of Modern Jihadism and Foreign Fighting
	The Case of Scandinavian Jihadists
	The Outline of the Book
	References
2 Interviewing Jihadists
	Locating and Contacting Jihadists
	From Standard Interviews to Ethnography
		Interaction and Building Trust
		Methodological Awareness in the Gray Zone
	Analyzing the Interview Material
		Can We Trust What Jihadists Say?
		Jihadists as Interviewees
	Notes
	References
3 Jihad as a Complex Social Phenomenon
	Jihad and Terrorism
		Jihadist Responses
		A Moving Target
	Different Narratives of Jihad
		Who Is the Enemy and Why Fight?
		Abrogation
		Targeting Civilians?
	Jihad as an Identity in Changing Societies
		Volunteers, Sympathizers, and Professionals
		Spiritual Dimensions of Jihad
	From Collective to Individual Duty
		Four Types of Modern Jihad
		The Local and Global in Interaction
	Notes
	References
4 Jihadism in Sweden
	From Al-Shabaab to Lars Vilks
	Toward Al-Qaeda
	The Call From IS
		Attacks in Europe
	Uncertain Future
	References
5 Jihadism in Norway
	From Mullah Krekar to Jyllands-Posten
	The Prophet’s Ummah and the Syrian Civil War
	Uncertain Future
	References
6 Jihadism in Denmark
	From Al-Gama’a Al-Islamiyya to Domestic Plots
	Jyllands-Posten and the Cartoon Crisis
		Gang Connections
	Uncertain Future
	References
7 The Changing Nature of Jihad
	From Traditional to Classical Jihad and the First Crisis
	Global Jihad and the Second Crisis
	Socialization into Global Jihad
		Classical Jihadists
		Global Jihadists
		The Importance of Socialization and Its Ambiguities
	Normalization of Jihad
		Classical Jihadists
		Global Jihadists
		Some Ambiguities Among Global Jihadists
	Takfir
		Three Stages of Takfir
		IS and the Increasing Polarization of the Ummah
		Further Variation Among Jihadists in Syria
	Note
	References
8 Cognitive Dissonance and Changing Motivations
	Cognitive Dissonance
		Cognitive Dissonance as a Motivational Force
	Ahmed
	Amir
	Safet
	Mazen
	Note
	References
9 Recruitment and Perceptions of Death
	Recruitment Tactics
		The Al-Qaeda Recruitment Manual and Kareem
	Varying Perceptions of Death
		Changing Attitudes, Drugs, and Humor
	References
10 How Does Fighting Change Jihadists?
	From Justice to Apocalyptic Thinking
		A New Conception of Evil and the Apocalyptic Narrative
		Conspiracy Theories
	Cognitive Radicalization Through Radical Behavior
	References
11 Conclusion
	The Past and the Future
	References
Index