Islamic Philanthropy: Exploring Zakat, Waqf, and Sadaqah in Islamic Finance and Economics

Foreword
Preface
	Humanitarian Aid
	Philanthropy
	Proposed Potential Solutions
Contents
List of Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Introduction
		1 Introduction
		2 Financing for Development
		3 From Human Resources to Donation
		4 Institutional Set-up for Philanthropy
		5 The Entrepreneurship–Philanthropy Nexus
		6 A New Approach to Economic Development
		7 The Economic Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic
		8 Organization of This Book
		References
	Chapter 2: Philanthropy from Islamic Tradition
		1 Introduction
		2 An Insight into the Studies of Philanthropy
			2.1 The Meaning of Philanthropy
			2.2 Instruments
				2.2.1	 Ṣādaqah wājibah
				2.2.2	 Zakāh
				2.2.3	 Zakāh al-Fiṭrah
				2.2.4	 Zakāh al-Māl
				2.2.5	 Nadhr
				2.2.6	 Fidyah
				2.2.7	 Kaffārah
				2.2.8	 Uḍḥiyyah
			2.3 Ṣādaqah nāfilah
				2.3.1	 Lillah (for God)
				2.3.2	 Waqf
				2.3.3	 Aqīqah
			2.4 The Motives
			2.5 The Causality Effect of Philanthropy
		3 Deriving the Principles of Philanthropy
			3.1 Togetherness (ukhuwwah)
			3.2 Justice (cadālah)
			3.3 Welfare (ricāyah)
			3.4 Benefit (maṣlaḥah)
			3.5 Balance (tawāzun)
			3.6 Universalism (shumūliyah)
		4 Applying the Principles: An Example of the Welfare Economic System
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Mobilizing Philanthropy Instruments in Development Assistance
		1 Introduction
		2 Islamic Worldview and Teachings on Philanthropy
		3 State of Underdevelopment in the Muslim World
		4 Current State of Development Assistance in OIC Countries
		5 Role of Sovereign Sukuk in Sourcing Development Funds
			5.1 Ijarah Sukuk
			5.2 Mudarabah Sukuk
			5.3 Musharakah Sukuk
		6 Role of Islamic Social Finance in Sustainable Development
			6.1 The Role of Zakat in Development Assistance
			6.2 The Role of Waqf in Mobilizing and Institutionalizing Philanthropy
		7 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Waqf
	Chapter 4: Challenges of Waqf Land Development in Brunei Darussalam
		1 Introduction
		2 Waqf and Socioeconomic Development
		3 The Current State of Waqf in Brunei Darussalam
		4 Waqf Land in Brunei Darussalam
		5 Challenges of Waqf Land Development in Brunei Darussalam
		6 Recommendation
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: The Ottoman Cash Waqf as Altruistic Finance Model
		1 Introduction
		2 Cash Waqf and Discussions
			2.1 Religious Pieces of Evidence of the Cash Waqf
			2.2 Discussions of Ottoman Scholars on the Cash Waqf
		3 Samples of Cash Waqf
			3.1 The Establishment Process of the Cash Waqf
			3.2 The Waqf of Ali Pasha b. Arslan Pasha
			3.3 The Waqf of Ayşe Kadın bt. Mahmud Pasha
			3.4 The Waqf of Mehmed Pasha
		4 Cash Waqf as Altruistic Finance Institutions
			4.1 Islamic/Ethical Methods
			4.2 Operated as Microcredit Mechanism
			4.3 Regional Institutions
			4.4 Focused on the Needs of Society
		5 Conclusion
		Appendix (the Waqfiyahs)
		References
			Archive Documents
			Articles and Books
	Chapter 6: Predicting the Behavioural Intention for Cash Waqf: Evidence from Malaysia and Thailand
		1 Introduction
		2 Cash Waqf in Theory and Practice
		3 Hypotheses Testing
		4 Research Methods
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Waqf-Based Crowdfunding: Proposed Framework for Entrepreneurial Development
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Overview of Crowdfunding
			7.2.1 Waqf: An Overview
		7.3 The Mechanics of Waqf-Based Crowdfunding
		7.4 Framework of Waqf-Based Crowdfunding for Entrepreneur
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Waqf Flood Evacuation Centre: New Recourse to Flood Victims in Malaysia
		1 Background
		2 Review of Existing Literature
			2.1 Flood Evacuation Centre
			2.2 Issues with Regards to Flood Evacuation Centres
		3 Methodology
		4 Findings
			4.1 Background of Respondents
			4.2 Effect of Flood to Finances, Life/Health, Sources of Income, and Property
			4.3 Experiences Staying at Flood Evacuation Centres
		5 Suggestions for Permanent Flood Evacuation Centre Based on Waqf Principles
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Cash Waqf for Humanitarian Aid: The Case of Transboundary Haze
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Methodology
		4 Case Study
		5 Findings and Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Zakat
	Chapter 10: A Collection of Studies on Zakāt
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Data and Methodology
		4 Empirical Results
			4.1 Number of Publications by Year
			4.2 Research Types of Each Publication
			4.3 Research Approaches of Each Publication
			4.4 Quantitative List by Subject Area of Articles
			4.5 Genders of Authors and Authorship
			4.6 Study Location and Publications by Geographical Affiliation
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: The Impact of Zakat Distribution
		1 Introduction
		2 Zakat Distribution
		3 The Impact of Zakat Distribution
		4 Material and Methods
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Promoting Islamic Philanthropy in Islamic Higher Education of Indonesia
		1 Introduction
		2 Islamic Philanthropy and Education
		3 Islamic Philanthropy Organization in Indonesia
		4 Zakat Distribution Model
		5 Data Collection
		6 Data Analysis
		7 Result and Discussion
		8 Fundraising of an Islamic Philanthropy Organization
		9 Distribution Mechanism
		10 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: A Mobile Application for Zakat Collection in Indonesia
		1 Introduction
		2 Description of GO ZAKAT Mobile Application
		3 Discussion
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Zakat for Disaster Relief
		1 Introduction
		2 Information of Disaster Relief
		3 Zakat as Solution for Disaster Relief
			3.1 Issue # 1: Are zakat institutions able to work with non-Muslim organizations to help those affected by the disaster?
			3.2 Issue # 2: Types of asnaf that fall under the category of disaster relief
			3.3 Issue # 3: Can non-Muslim disaster victims be given allocation from zakat?
			3.4 Issue # 4: Can zakah be given to disaster victims or refugees who are far from zakat collectors’ jurisdictions?
			3.5 Issue # 5: Can zakah be used to finance zakat settlement?
		4 Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Other Issues
	Chapter 15: Investment of Tabung Masjid in Malaysia toward Fulfilling Maqasid-Al-Shariah
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Maqasid-Based Framework
		4 Hypothesis Development
		5 Methodology
		6 Results and Discussion
			6.1 Cross-Tabulation Statistics
			6.2 One-Way ANOVA Results
			6.3 Forecasting Tabung Masjids
			6.4 Granger Causality Statistics
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Religious Institutions in Philanthropy-Based Activities in Pakistan
		1 Introduction
		2 Historical Context and Literature Review
		3 Understanding the Nature and Activities of ‘Khanqahs’ and ‘Sufi Shrines’
			3.1 Sufi Khanqahs
			3.2 Model Khanqah
			3.3 Financial Support and Management
			3.4 Sufi Shrines
			3.5 Sufi Shrines of South Asia
			3.6 Development Experts on Khanqah or Shrine-based Philanthropic Organizations
		4 Methodology
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Shrine of Hazrat Data Ali Hajveeri (Data Durbar)
			5.2 Shrine of Baba Farid Shakar Ganj
			5.3 Shrine of Baba Bulleh Shah
			5.4 Shrines of Bahaud Din Zakriya and Shah Rukan-e-Aalam
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: South Africa’s Muslim Philanthropists and Humanitarian Organizations: Religious Activism, Changing Environments
		1 Introduction
		2 Muslim Activism: Initiating Muslim Activities, Forming Muslim NGOs
		3 Muslim NGOs: Inscribed in Texts, Located in Contexts
			3.1 In (South Africa-Related) Texts
			3.2 In (Global Muslim Philanthropic) Context
				3.2.1	 Local Context: Modest Structures, Noble Intentions
				3.2.2	 International Scene: Stereotypical Notions, Absurd Claims
		4 Muslim Organizations: Establishing Trusts, Erecting Foundations
			4.1 Trusts: Philanthropic Agencies
				4.1.1	 Central Islamic Trust
				4.1.2	 Iqraa Trust
				4.1.3	 South African Muslim Charitable Trust
				4.1.4	 Imam Abdullah Haron Educational Trust
			4.2 Foundations: Humanitarian Agencies
				4.2.1	 Gift of the Givers Foundation
				4.2.2	 Al-Imdaad Foundation
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Governance Framework for Philanthropic Organizations Directed Towards Taqyid Al-Mutlaq
		1 Introduction
		2 Social Private and Public Partnership in Malaysia
		3 Governance Framework Model for Philanthropic Organizations
			3.1 Functional Accountability
			3.2 Social Accountability
			3.3 Shariah Review
			3.4 Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Risks
			3.5 Risk-Management Practice
		4 Methodology
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Concluding Remarks
	Chapter 19: Summary and Policy Recommendations
		1 Summary of Findings
			1.1 General Issues in Philanthropy
			1.2 Waqf
			1.3 Zakat
			1.4 Other Philanthropy Instruments
		2 Policy Recommendations
			2.1 Literacy Knowledge in Philanthropy
			2.2 Best Practice of Philanthropy Management and a Standard-Setting Body
			2.3 Mainstreaming the National Agenda on Islamic Philanthropy
			2.4 Public Policy Responses to Fintech
		3 Ways Forward
Index