Water Reuse for Irrigation: Agriculture, Landscapes, and Turf Grass

Front cover......Page 1
About the Authors......Page 6
Abstract......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
1.1 MANAGING WATER SECURITY BY WATER REUSE......Page 24
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME......Page 27
1.3 ROLE OF WATER REUSE FOR IRRIGATION......Page 29
1.4 BENEFITS AND CONSTRAINTS OF IRRIGATION WITH RECYCLED WATER......Page 31
1.5 SPECIFICS OF WATER REUSE PLANNING......Page 34
1.6 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH IRRIGATION USING RECYCLED WATER......Page 37
1.6.1 Water Reuse in Europe, the Mediterranean Region, and the Middle East......Page 41
1.6.2 Water Reuse in the United States......Page 43
1.6.4 Water Reuse in Asia and Oceania......Page 49
1.7 MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF IRRIGATION WITH RECYCLED WATER......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 54
2.2.1 Chemicals......Page 59
2.2.2 Pathogens......Page 63
2.3.1 Salinity......Page 68
2.3.2 Toxic Ions......Page 69
2.3.3 Sodium Adsorption Ratio......Page 71
2.3.4 Trace Elements......Page 72
2.3.6 Bicarbonate and Carbonate......Page 76
2.3.7 Nutrients......Page 77
2.4 SAMPLING AND MONITORING STRATEGIES......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 81
CONTENTS......Page 84
3.1 WHO GUIDELINES FOR IRRIGATION......Page 87
3.3 CALIFORNIA WATER RECYCLING CRITERIA......Page 89
3.4 OTHER WATER REUSE REGULATIONS......Page 96
3.5 STANDARDS FOR URBAN USES OF RECYCLED WATER AND LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION......Page 99
3.6 STANDARD ENFORCEMENT AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 106
4.2 SPECIFIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR REUSE PURPOSES......Page 109
4.2.1 Typical Schemes Used for Production of Recycled Water for Irrigation......Page 110
4.2.2 Main Disinfection Processes Used in Water Reuse Systems......Page 112
4.2.3 Requirements for Recycled Water Storage and Distribution......Page 115
4.2.4 Requirements for Reliability of Operation of Water Reuse Systems......Page 116
4.3 CONTROL OF RECYCLED WATER APPLICATION......Page 117
4.4 RESTRICTIONS ON CROPS AND PUBLIC ACCESS......Page 119
4.5 HUMAN EXPOSURE CONTROL......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 124
CONTENTS......Page 126
5.1 AMOUNT OF WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION......Page 127
5.2 GENERAL WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MAXIMUM CROP PRODUCTION......Page 128
5.3 CHOICE OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF IRRIGATION WITH RECYCLED WATER......Page 129
5.4.1 Criteria for Selection of an Appropriate Irrigation Method......Page 131
5.4.2 Comparison of Irrigation Methods......Page 136
5.4.3 Final Considerations for the Choice of Irrigation Method......Page 145
5.5.1 Code of Practices to Overcome Salinity Hazards......Page 146
5.5.2 Code of Practices to Overcome Boron, Sodium and Chloride Toxicity......Page 158
5.5.3 Code of Practices to Overcome Trace Elements Toxicity......Page 160
5.6.1 Leaching and Drainage......Page 165
5.6.3 Adjusting Fertilizer Applications......Page 168
5.6.4 Management of Soil Structure......Page 169
5.6.5 Management of Clogging in Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Systems......Page 170
5.6.6 Management of Storage Systems......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
CONTENTS......Page 174
6.1 BENEFITS OF AND CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF RECYCLED WATER FOR LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION......Page 175
6.3 BEST PRACTICES FOR GOLF COURSE IRRIGATION......Page 176
6.4 PREVENTION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RECYCLED WATER ON TURFGRASS......Page 179
6.6 RECOMMENDATIONS TO AVOID ADVERSE EFFECTS OF WATER REUSE ON GROUNDWATER......Page 180
6.7 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION......Page 181
6.8 CUSTOMER ACCEPTANCE OF RECYCLED WATER FOR IRRIGATION OF LANDSCAPING AND GOLF COURSES......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
CONTENTS......Page 186
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 187
7.1.2 Main Treatment Processes Used for Wastewater Treatment......Page 189
7.2 PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER 7.2.1 Screening......Page 191
7.2.3 Coagulation/Flocculation......Page 194
7.2.4 Flotation......Page 195
7.3.1 Activated Sludge......Page 196
7.3.2 Trickling Filters......Page 197
7.4 ADVANCED BIOFILM TECHNOLOGIES......Page 199
7.5.1 Lagooning......Page 201
7.5.2 Wetlands......Page 206
7.5.3 Infiltration-Percolation......Page 207
7.5.4 Soil-Aquifer Treatment......Page 209
7.6 ADVANCED TERTIARY TREATMENT AND DISINFECTION......Page 211
7.6.1 Tertiary Filtration......Page 212
7.6.2 Chlorination......Page 217
7.6.4 UV Disinfection......Page 221
7.6.5 Ozonation......Page 231
7.6.6 Membrane Filtration......Page 238
7.6.7 Membranes Bioreactors......Page 239
7.7 STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF RECYCLED WATER......Page 242
7.7.2 Long-Term Storage......Page 243
7.7.3 Management of Recycled Water Storage Reservoirs......Page 247
7.7.4 Control of Water Quality in Distribution Systems......Page 248
7.8.1 Cost of Additional Treatment and Reuse......Page 249
7.8.2 Main Criteria for Selection of Disinfection Process......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 254
CONTENTS......Page 258
8.1 TOWARD A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT......Page 259
8.2 COMPOUNDS WITH POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS ON RECYCLED WATER FOR IRRIGATION......Page 260
8.3 BEHAVIOR OF SOME COMPOUNDS DURING IRRIGATION WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENT......Page 261
8.3.1 Salt and Water Relations in Irrigation Soils......Page 262
8.3.2 Behavior and Potential Adverse Effects of Nutrients in Irrigation Soils......Page 267
8.3.3 Effects of Disinfection By-Products on Groundwater......Page 270
8.3.4 Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Other Organic Contaminants......Page 271
8.4 SALT AND GROUNDWATER WATER-TABLE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION......Page 276
8.4.1 Salt Loadings......Page 277
8.4.2 Salt Tolerance of Plants......Page 278
8.4.3 Management of Salty Water......Page 279
8.4.4 Future Aspects for Salinity Management in South-Central Arizona......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
CONTENTS......Page 288
9.2 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS......Page 289
9.4 BENEFITS OF RECYCLED WATER FOR IRRIGATION......Page 290
9.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING IRRIGATION BENEFITS......Page 291
9.7 IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS......Page 292
9.8 WATER-RECYCLING OPTIONS......Page 294
9.9 COSTS OF WATER-RECYCLING OPTIONS......Page 295
9.11 FUNCTION OF WATER PRICES......Page 298
9.12 CRITERIA FOR SETTING PRICES FOR RECYCLED WATER......Page 300
9.13 PRICING INSTRUMENTS......Page 301
9.14 EXAMPLES OF RECYCLED WATER PRICES......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 305
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 308
10.2 PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF WATER REUSE FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION......Page 312
10.3 INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS......Page 315
10.4 MODELS FOR PARTICIPATIVE PLANNING......Page 321
10.5 PARTICIPATIVE PLANNING PROCESSES FOR WATER-REUSE PROJECTS......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 328
CONTENTS......Page 332
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 333
11.2.1 Water Rights......Page 334
11.2.2 Water Use Limits......Page 339
11.2.3 Rights to Recycled Water......Page 341
11.3 WASTEWATER REGULATIONS......Page 342
11.3.1 Effluent Regulations......Page 343
11.3.2 Pretreatment to Protect Recycled Water Quality......Page 345
11.4 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 11.4.1 Land Use Planning......Page 347
11.4.2 Environmental Regulations......Page 349
11.4.3 Construction Issues......Page 351
11.4.4 Wholesaler/Retailer Issues......Page 352
11.4.5 Customer Agreements......Page 355
11.5.2 Matrix Analysis of Institutional Issues......Page 356
11.5.3 Summary of Institutional Guidelines......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 362
CONTENTS......Page 366
12.1.1 General Description......Page 368
12.1.2 Wastewater Quality......Page 370
12.1.4 Mexican Legislation for Agricultural Irrigation......Page 371
12.1.5 Helminthiasis......Page 372
12.1.6 Removal of Helminth Eggs......Page 374
12.1.7 Filtration Step......Page 375
12.1.8 Bacteria Removal......Page 376
12.1.10 Costs of Recycled Water......Page 378
12.1.11 Unplanned Aquifer Recharge by Irrigation with Wastewater......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 384
12.2.1 History......Page 386
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity......Page 387
12.2.4 Nutrients......Page 388
12.2.5 Maturation Pond Design and Management......Page 391
12.2.6 Conclusions......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 396
12.3.2 Project Overview......Page 397
12.3.3 Public Perception......Page 400
12.3.5 Conclusions, Lessons Learned and Recommendations......Page 401
REFERENCES......Page 402
CONTENTS......Page 404
13.2 GOOD AGRONOMIC PRACTICES FOR IRRIGATION WITH RECYCLED WATER......Page 406
13.4 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS FOR IMPROVED OPERATION OF WATER-REUSE TREATMENT SCHEMES......Page 411
13.5 SUCCESSFUL PARTICIPATION PROGRAMMES IMPROVED PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE......Page 412
13.6 SUCCESSFUL INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES......Page 413
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W......Page 430
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Back cover......Page 432