ISE Microbiology: A Systems Approach

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
1 The Main Themes of Microbiology
	1.1 The Scope of Microbiology
	1.2 The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small Organisms with a Giant Effect
		Microbial Involvement in Shaping Our Planet
	1.3 Human Use of Microorganisms
	1.4 Infectious Diseases and the Human Condition
		INSIGHT 1.1: CLINICAL: Infections of the Heroin Epidemic
	1.5 The General Characteristics of Microorganisms
		Cellular Organization
	1.6 The Historical Foundations of Microbiology
		The Development of the Microscope: " Seeing Is Believing"
		The Establishment of the Scientific Method
		Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
		INSIGHT 1.2: MICROBIOME: What Is
a Microbiome?
		The Development of Medical Microbiology
	1.7 Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Microorganisms
		Nomenclature: Assigning Specific Names
		Classification: Constructing Taxonomy
		The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms
		A Universal Tree of Life
			Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
			Study Smarter: Better Together
			Chapter Summary
			SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
			Visual Connections
			High Impact Study
2 The Chemistry of Biology
	2.1 Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks
		Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties
		The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics
		Bonds and Molecules
		INSIGHT 2.1: MICROBIOME: Thanks to the Sponge, and Its Microbiome, for Letting Us Breathe
		INSIGHT 2.2: CLINICAL: Acidic Blood in Diabetes
		The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds
	2.2 Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life
		Carbohydrates: Sugars and Polysaccharides
		Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes
		Proteins: Shapers of Life
		The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs
	2.3 Cells: Where Chemicals Come to Life
		Fundamental Characteristics of Cells
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
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3 Tools of the Laboratory Methods for the Culturing and Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms
	3.1 Methods of Culturing Microorganisms: The Five I's
		Inoculation: Producing a Culture
		Incubation
		Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory
		Isolation: Separating One Species from Another
		Rounding Out the Five I's: Inspection and Identification
	3.2 The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm
		Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small?
		Magnification and Microscope Design
		Principles of Light Microscopy
		INSIGHT 3.1: CLINICAL: A New Human Organ?
		Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes
		INSIGHT 3.2: MICROBIOME: Diabetic Wounds and Their Microbiome as Seen by Microscopy
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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4 Bacteria and Archaea
	4.1 The Bacteria
		The Structure of a Generalized Bacterial Cell
		Bacterial Arrangements and Sizes
		INSIGHT 4.1: CLINICAL: Biofilms Complicate Infections
	4.2 External Structures
		Appendages: Cell Extensions
		Surface Coatings: The S Layer and the Glycocalyx
	4.3 The Cell Envelope: The Boundary Layer of Bacteria
		Differences in Cell Envelope Structure
		Structure of the Cell Wall
		Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure
		The Gram- Negative Outer Membrane
		The Gram Stain
		Practical Considerations of Differences in Cell Envelope Structure
	4.4 Bacterial Internal Structure
		Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm
		Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Stage
	4.5 The Archaea
	4.6 Classification Systems for Bacteria and Archaea
		INSIGHT 4.2: MICROBIOME: Archaea in the Human Microbiome
		Taxonomic Scheme
		Diagnostic Scheme
		Species and Subspecies in Bacteria and Archaea
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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5 Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
	5.1 Overview of the Eukaryotes
		Becoming Eukaryotic
	5.2 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: External Structures and Boundary Structures
		Appendages for Movement: Cilia and Flagella
		The Glycocalyx
		Boundary Structures
	5.3 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: Internal Structures
		The Nucleus: The Control Center
		Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell
		Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine
		Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus: Nature's Assembly Line
		Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell
		Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Machines
		Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers
		The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network
		Survey of Eukaryotic Microorganisms
	5.4 The Fungi
		Fungal Nutrition
		Organization of Microscopic Fungi
		Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation
		Fungal Identification and Cultivation
		The Effects of Fungi on Humans and the Environment
		INSIGHT 5.1: MICROBIOME: Are Eukaryotic Microorganisms Part of Our Microbiome?
	5.5 The Protists
		The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists
		Biology of the Protozoa
		INSIGHT 5.2: CLINICAL: Eukaryotic Pathogens: Neglected Parasitic Infections
		Classification of Selected Important Protozoa
		Protozoan Identification and Cultivation
		Important Protozoan Pathogens
	5.6 The Helminths
		General Worm Morphology
		Life Cycles and Reproduction
		A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm
		Helminth Classification and Identification
		Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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6 Viruses and Prions
	6.1 The Search for the Elusive Viruses
	6.2 The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum
	6.3 The General Structure of Viruses Size Range
		Viral Components: Capsids, Envelopes, and Nucleic Acids
	INSIGHT 6.1: MICROBIOME: Are Viruses Part of the Microbiome?
	6.4 How Viruses Are Classified and Named
	6.5 Modes of Viral Multiplication
	Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses
	Viruses That Infect Bacteria
	INSIGHT 6.2: CLINICAL: Phage Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis
	6.6 Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses
		Using Live Animal Inoculation
		Using Bird Embryos
		Using Cell ( Tissue) Culture Techniques
	6.7 Viruses and Human Health
	6.8 Prions and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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7 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
	7.1 Microbial Nutrition
		Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm
		Sources of Essential Nutrients
		How Microbes Feed: Nutritional Types
		How Microbes Feed: Nutrient Absorption
		The Movement of Molecules: Diffusion and Transport
		The Movement of Water: Osmosis
		Active Transport: Bringing in Molecules Against a Gradient
	7.2 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes
		Temperature
		INSIGHT 7.1: CLINICAL: Inducing Fever to Treat Infections
		Gases
		pH
		Osmotic Pressure
		Radiation and Hydrostatic Pressure and Moisture
		INSIGHT 7.2: MICROBIOME: The Great Oxidation Event and Earth’s Microbiome
		Other Organisms
	7.3 The Study of Microbial Growth
		The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission
		The Rate of Population Growth
		The Population Growth Curve
		Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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8 Microbial Metabolism
	8.1 The Metabolism of Microbes
		Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life
		Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways
	8.2 The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy
		Energy in Cells
		A Closer Look at Oxidation and Reduction
		Adenosine Triphosphate: Metabolic Money
	8.3 Catabolism: Getting Materials and Energy
		Overview of Catabolism
		Aerobic Respiration
		Pyruvic Acid: A Central Metabolite
		The Krebs Cycle: A Carbon and Energy Wheel
		The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
		Summary of Aerobic Respiration
		INSIGHT 8.1: CLINICAL: NADH Treats a Variety of Diseases
		Anaerobic Respiration
		Fermentation
		Catabolism of Noncarbohydrate Compounds
	8.4 Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism
		The Efficiency of the Cell
		Anabolism: Formation of Macromolecules
		Assembly of the Cell
	8.5 Photosynthesis: It All Starts with Light
		INSIGHT 8.2: MICROBIOME: Electricity Eaters
		Light-Dependent
Reactions
		Light-Dependent
Reactions
		Other Mechanisms of Photosynthesis
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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9 Microbial Genetics
	9.1 Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity
		The Nature of the Genetic Material
		The DNA Code: A Simple Yet Profound Message
		The Significance of DNA Structure
		DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On
	9.2 Applications of the DNA Code: Transcription and Translation
		The Gene-Protein
Connection
		The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation
		INSIGHT 9.1: CLINICAL: Micro RNA: Tiny but Mighty
		Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression
		Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression
		Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar Yet Different
		The Genetics of Animal Viruses
	9.3 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis
		The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria
		A Repressible Operon
		Phase Variation
		Antibiotics That Affect Transcription and Translation
	9.4 DNA Recombination Events
		Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria
		Pathogenicity Islands: Special " Gifts" of Horizontal Gene Transfer?
	9.5 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
		Causes of Mutations
		Categories of Mutations
		INSIGHT 9.2: MICROBIOME: Customizing the Microbiome
		Repair of Mutations
		The Ames Test
		Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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10 Genetic Analysis and Genetic Engineering
	10.1 Tools and Techniques of Genetic Engineering
		DNA: The Raw Material
		Systems for Dicing, Splicing, and Reversing Nucleic Acids
		Analysis of DNA
		INSIGHT 10.1: MICROBIOME: Host Genetics and the Microbiome
		Methods in Recombinant DNA Technology: How to Imitate Nature
	10.2 Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
		Genetically Modified Organisms
	10.3 Genetic Treatments: Introducing DNA into the Body
		Gene Therapy
		Small RNAs as Medicine
		CRISPR
		INSIGHT 10.2: CLINICAL: Gene Therapy Restoring Sight
	10.4 DNA Analysis: Maps and Profiles
		Genome Sequencing
		Profiling
		Measuring Gene Expression: Microarrays
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11 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes
	11.1 Controlling Microorganisms
		General Considerations in Microbial Control
		Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms
		Methods of Microbial Control
		What Is Microbial Death?
		How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action
	11.2 Methods of Physical Control
		Heat as an Agent of Microbial Control
		The Effects of Cold and Desiccation
		Radiation as a Microbial Control Agent
		INSIGHT 11.1: CLINICAL: Hospitals Using New Tools Against Bacteria
		Decontamination by Filtration: Techniques for Removing Microbes
		Osmotic Pressure
	11.3 Chemical Agents in Microbial Control
		Selecting a Microbicidal Chemical
		Factors Affecting the Microbicidal Activity of Chemicals
		Germicidal Categories According to Chemical Group
		INSIGHT 11.2: MICROBIOME: Hand Hygiene
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12 Antimicrobial Treatment
	12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
		The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs
		Starting Treatment
		Identifying the Agent
		Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms
		The Art and Science of Choosing an Antimicrobial Drug
	12.2 Interactions Between Drug and Microbe
		Mechanisms of Drug Action
	12.3 Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Folic Acid Synthesis
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting DNA or RNA
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Cell Membranes
		Antibiotics and Biofilms
		Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
		Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Treatment
		Antiviral Agents
	12.4 Antimicrobial Resistance
		Interactions Between Microbes and Drugs: The Acquisition of Drug Resistance
		The Human Role in Antimicrobial Resistance
		An Urgent Problem
		INSIGHT 12.1: CLINICAL: Using Viruses as Antibiotics
		New Approaches to Antimicrobial Therapy
	12.5 Interactions Between Drug and Host
		Toxicity to Organs
		Allergic Responses to Drugs
		Suppression and Alteration of the Microbiota by Antimicrobials
		INSIGHT 12.2: MICROBIOME: Do Antibiotics Make Us Fat?
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13 Microbe–Human Interactions
	13.1 The Human Host and Its Microbiome
		Colonization, Infection, Disease— A Continuum
		The Human Microbiome Project
		INSIGHT 13.1: MICROBIOME: Breast Cancer and the Breast Microbiome
	13.2 When Colonization Leads to Disease
		Becoming Established: Step One— Portals of Entry
		Becoming Established: Step Two— Attaching to the Host and Interacting with the Microbiome
		Becoming Established: Step Three— Surviving Host Defenses
		Step Four— Causing Disease
		Step Five— Vacating the Host: Portals of Exit
		Long-Term Infections and Long- Term Effects
		The Course of an Infection
	13.3 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
		Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist
		The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents
		Healthcare- Associated Infections: The Hospital as a Source of Disease
		Which Agent Is the Cause? Using Koch's Postulates to Determine Etiology
		INSIGHT 13.2: CLINICAL: Cell Phones in Hospitals
		Tracking Disease in a Population
		Global Issues in Epidemiology
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14 Host Defenses I Overview and Nonspecific Defenses
	14.1 Defense Mechanisms of the Host: An Overview
		Tissues, Organs, and Cells Participating in Immunity
	14.2 The First Line of Defense
		Physical or Anatomical Barriers at the Body's Surface
		Nonspecific Chemical Defenses
	14.3 The Second Line of Defense
		Phagocytosis: Cornerstone of Inflammation and Specific Immunity
		Inflammation: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury
		INSIGHT 14.1: MICROBIOME: Are We Treating Autoimmune Diseases Correctly?
		The Stages of Inflammation
		Fever: An Adjunct to Inflammation
		INSIGHT 14.2: CLINICAL: Fever: To Treat or Not to Treat?
		Antimicrobial Products
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15 Host Defenses II Specific Immunity and Immunization
	15.1 Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense
		A Brief Overview of the Major Immune System Components
		Entrance and Presentation of Antigens
		Antigen Challenge and Clonal Selection
	15.2 Step I: The Development of Lymphocyte Diversity
		Specific Events in T-Cell
Development
		Specific Events in B-Cell
Development
		Building Immunologic Diversity
		Clonal Deletion and Selection
	15.3 Step II: Presentation of Antigens
		Characteristics of Antigens
		Encounters with Antigens
		The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation
	15.4 Step III: Antigenic Challenge of T Cells and B Cells
		The Activation of T Cells and Their Differentiation into Subsets
		The Activation of B Cells: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production
	Step IV (1): The T-Cell
Response
		T Helper (TH) Cells
		Regulatory T ( TR) Cells: Cells That Maintain the Happy Medium
		Cytotoxic T ( TC) Cells: Cells That Kill Other Cells
		INSIGHT 15.1: MICROBIOME: Cancer and the Microbiome
		Gamma- Delta T Cells
		Additional Cells with Orders to Kill
	15.6 Step IV (2): The B-Cell
Response
		The Structure of Immunoglobulins
		Antibody-Antigen
Interactions
and the Function of the Fab
		Functions of the Fc Fragment
		Accessory Molecules on Immunoglobulins
		The Classes of Immunoglobulins
		Monitoring Antibody Production over Time: Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigens
	15.7 Specific Immunity and Vaccination
		Artificial Passive Immunization: Immunotherapy
		Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination
		Development of New Vaccines
		Route of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines
		Vaccinating: Who and When?
		INSIGHT 15.2: CLINICAL: The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
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16 Disorders in Immunity
	16.1 The Immune Response: A Two-  Sided Coin
		Hypersensitivity: Four Types
	16.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis
		INSIGHT 16.1: MICROBIOME: Asthma and the Airway—and Gut—Microbiome
		Who Is Affected, and How?
		The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry
		Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation
		Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms
		IgE-and
Mast-Cell-
Mediated
Allergic Conditions
		Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction
		Diagnosis of Allergy
		Treatment of Allergy
		INSIGHT 16.2: CLINICAL: Take Two Hookworms and Call Me in the Morning
	16.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells
		The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types
		Antibodies Against A and B Antigens
		The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance
		Other RBC Antigens
	16.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions
		Mechanisms of Immune Complex Disease
		Types of Immune Complex Disease
	16.5 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions
		Delayed Hypersensitivity to Microbes
		Contact Dermatitis
		T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation
	16.6 An Inappropriate Response Against Self: Autoimmunity
		Possible Causes of Autoimmune Disease
		The Origins of Autoimmune Disease
		Examples of Autoimmune Disease
	16.7 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivity of the Immune System
		Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
		Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases
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17 Diagnosing Infections
	17.1 Preparation for the Survey of Microbial Diseases
		Phenotypic Methods
		Immunologic Methods
		Genotypic Methods
	17.2 First Steps: Specimen Collection
		INSIGHT 17.1: MICROBIOME: The Human Microbiome Project and Diagnosis of Infection
		Overview of Laboratory Techniques
	17.3 Phenotypic Methods
		Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen
		Methods Requiring Growth
		Determining Clinical Significance of Cultures
	17.4 Immunologic Methods
		Different Kinds of Antigen- Antibody Interactions
		In Vivo Testing
		General Features of Immune Testing
	17.5 Genotypic Methods
		Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR): The Backbone of New Diagnostics
		Hybridization: Probing for Identity
		Whole- Genome Sequencing
		Pulsed- Field Gel Electrophoresis: Microbial Fingerprints
	17.6 Additional Diagnostic Technologies
		Lab on a Chip
		Mass Spectrometry
		INSIGHT 17.2: CLINICAL: Quick Test for Zika
		Imaging
		Entirely New Diagnostic Strategies
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18 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes
	18.1 The Skin and Its Defenses
	18.2 Normal Biota of the Skin
		INSIGHT 18.1: MICROBIOME: C-Section Babies vs. Vaginally Delivered Babies
	18.3 Skin Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		INSIGHT 18.2: CLINICAL: Skin, Staph, and Strep
	18.4 The Surface of the Eye and Its Defenses
	18.5 Normal Biota of the Eye
	18.6 Eye Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
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19 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
	19.1 The Nervous System and Its Defenses
	19.2 Normal Biota of the Nervous System
	19.3 Nervous System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		INSIGHT 19.1: CLINICAL: Mysterious Polio-Like Disease
		INSIGHT 19.2: MICROBIOME: This Is Your Brain on Toxo
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20 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	20.1 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Their Defenses
		The Cardiovascular System
		The Lymphatic System
		Defenses of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	20.2 Normal Biota of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	20.3 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		INSIGHT 20.1: CLINICAL: Ebola
		INSIGHT 20.2: MICROBIOME: Gut Microbiome and High Blood Pressure
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21 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
	21.1 The Respiratory Tract and Its Defenses
	21.2 Normal Biota of the Respiratory Tract
		INSIGHT 21.1: MICROBIOME: The Lungs Are Not Sterile
	21.3 Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	21.4 Diseases Caused by Microorganisms Affecting Both the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts
		INSIGHT 21.2: CLINICAL: Influenza: A Time Line
	21.5 Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
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22 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract
	22.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Defenses
	22.2 Normal Biota of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		INSIGHT 22.1: MICROBIOME: Crohn’s Disease and the Gut Microbiome
	22.3 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms ( Nonhelminthic)
	22.4 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Helminths
		General Clinical Considerations
		INSIGHT 22.2: CLINICAL: Right Here at Home: Neglected Parasitic Infections
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23 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System
	23.1 The Genitourinary Tract and Its Defenses
	23.2 Normal Biota of the Genitourinary Tract
		Normal Biota of the Male Genital Tract
		Normal Biota of the Female Genital Tract
	INSIGHT 23.1: MICROBIOME: Save the World with the Vaginal Microbiome
	23.3 Urinary Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
	23.4 Reproductive Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		INSIGHT 23.2: CLINICAL: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Infertility Before You Are
Ready to Conceive
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24 Microbes and the Environment
	24.1 Ecology: The Interconnecting Web of Life
		The Organization of Ecosystems
		Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems
		INSIGHT 24.1: CLINICAL: Microbiome of Decomposing Bodies Can Catch a Murderer
	24.2 The Natural Recycling of Bioelements
		Atmospheric Cycles
		Sedimentary Cycles
		Other Forms of Cycling
	24.3 Microbes on Land and in Water
		Environmental Sampling in the Genomic Era
		Soil Microbiology
		Deep Subsurface Microbiology
		Aquatic Microbiology
		INSIGHT 24.2: MICROBIOME: Novel Hot Spring Viruses Migrate on Water Droplets
	24.4 The Concept of "One Health"
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25 Applied Microbiology and Food and Water Safety
	25.1 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
		INSIGHT 25.1: MICROBIOME: Bioremediation
	25.2 Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment
		INSIGHT 25.2: CLINICAL: Preventing Diarrhea by Cleaning Up Muddy Water
		Water Monitoring to Prevent Disease
	25.3 Microorganisms Making Food and Spoiling Food
		Microbial Fermentations in Food Products from Plants
		Microbes in Milk and Other Dairy Products
		Microorganisms as Food
		Microbial Involvement in Foodborne Diseases
		Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage
	25.4 Using Microorganisms to Make Things We Need
		From Microbial Factories to Industrial Factories
		Substance Production
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APPENDIX A:  Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions inSmartGrid
APPENDIX B: Exponents
APPENDIX C: An Introduction to Concept Mapping
Glossary
Index