Introduction To Modern Physics

Introduction To Modern Physics Sixth Edition
	Constants Rest-Masses Conversion Factors
	Half-Title
	McGraw-Hill International Series In Pure And Applied Physics
	Title-Page
	Copyright
	Preface vii
	Contents
Chapter 1 The Heritage of Modern Physics 1
	1.1 Classical vs. Modern Physics
	1.2 The Greeks
	1.3 Thales of Miletus
	1.4 Pythagoras
	1.5 Anaxagoras and Empedocles
	1.6 Democritus
	1.7 Aristotle
	1.8 Aristarchus
	1.9 Archimedes
	1.10 From the Greeks to Copernicus
	1.11 The Copernican System
	1.12 Galileo Galilei
	1.13 Tycho Brahe and Kepler
	1.14 The Experimental Method Spreads
	1.15 Sir Isaac Newton
	1.16 Newton's Contemporaries
	1.17 Mechanics during the  Eighteenth Century
	1.18 Heat during the Eighteenth Century
	1.19 Light during the Eighteenth Century
	1.20 Electricity during the Eighteenth Century
	1.21 Close of the Second Period
	1.22 The Nineteenth Century in Physics
	1.23 Heat and Energy
	1.24 Light
	1.25 Electricity and Magnetism
	1.26 Michael Faraday
	1.27 Joseph Henry
	1.28 James Clerk Maxwell
	1.29 Clouds over Classical Physics
Chapter 2 Introduction to Relativity 45
	2.1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity
	2.2 Galilean Relativity and Electricity
	2.3 Relativity and the Propagation of Light
	2.4 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
	2.5 The New Relativity of Einstein
	2.6 Simultaneity and Time Order
	2.7 The Lorentz Transformation
	2.8 Space Contraction and Time Dilation
	2.9 Velocity Transformations
	2.10 The Variation of Mass
	2.11 Force and Kinetic Energy
	2.12 Mass and Energy
	2.13 Mass and Potential Energy
	Problems
Chapter 3 Relativity and Four-vectors 73
	3.1 The Interval between Events
	3.2 Four-vectors
	3.3 Proper Time and the Four-momentum
	3.4 Relativistic Mechanics
	3.5 Relativity and  Electromagnetism
	3.6 Maxwell's Equations and the Four-potential
	3.7 The Field Tensor
	3.8 General Theory of Relativity
	Problems
Chapter 4 Atoms and Molecules 97
	4.1 Chemical Evidence for Atoms
	4.2 The Ideal Gas
	4.3 Degrees of Freedom and the Equiparlition of Energy
	4.4 The Maxwellian Distribution
	4.5 The Boltzmann Distribution
	4.6 Phase Space and the  Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
	4.7 The Sizes of Atoms
	Appendix 4A Integrals Arising in the Kinetic Theory
	Problems
Chapter 5 The Origin of the Quantum Theory 117
	5.1 Thermal Radiation
	5.2 Early Radiation Laws
	5.3 Degrees of Freedom in an Enclosure
	5.4 The Rayleigh-Jeans Radiation Law
	5.5 Planck's Investigation of Blackbody Radiation
	5.6 Distribution of Energy among Oscillators in Thermal Equilibrium
	5.7 Planck's Quantum Hypothesis
	5.8 Planck's Radiation Law
	Appendix 5A Classical Radiation Theory
		5A.1 Pressure and Energy Flux Due to Isotropic Radiation
		5A.2 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
		5A.3 Reflection from a Moving Mirror
		5 A.4 Effect of an Adiabatic Expansion upon Blackbody Radiation
		5A.5 The Wien Displacement Law
	Problems
Chapter 6 Electrons and the Photoelectric Effect 149
	6.1 Electricity in Matter
	6.2 Discovery of Photoelectricity
	6.3 The Zeeman Effect
	6.4 Cathode Rays and the Electron
	6.5 The Electronic Charge
	6.6 Photoelectrons
	6.7 What Is the Photoelectric Mechanism?
	6.8 Properties of Photoelectric Emission
	6.9 Thermionic Emission
	Problems
Chapter 7 X-rays 171
	7.1 The Discovery of X-rays
	7.2 Production and Detection of X-rays
	7.3 Wavelengths of X-rays
	7.4 Bragg's Law
	7.5 The X-ray Spectrometer
	7.6 Monochromatic Characteristic Radiation
	7.7 Moseley's Law
	7.8 The Continuous X-ray Spectrum
	7.9 X-ray Scattering, Classical
	7.10 Compton Scattering
	7.11 Compton Recoil Electrons
	7.12 The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
	Problems
Chapter 8 Radioactivity and the Nuclear Atom 203
	8.1 Earliest Developments
	8.2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
	8.3 Early Views on Atomic Structure
	8.4 The Scattering of Alpha Particles by Atoms
	8.5 The Nuclear Atom
	8.6 Radioactive Transformations
	Appendix 8A The Rutherford Scattering Law
	Problems
Chapter 9 Spectral Lines and the Bohr Model  227
	9.1 The Balmer Series
	9.2 Spectral Series and Their Interrelations
	9.3 Spectral Terms
	9.4 The Bohr Theory
	9.5 The Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen
	9.6 Ionized Helium
	9.7 Moseley's Law
	9.8 The Bohr Magneton
	9.9 Electron Spin
	9.10 The Bohr Correspondence Principle
	9.11 Extension of Bohr's Theory
	Problems
Chapter 10 Particles and Interactions 251
	10.1 Alpha and Gamma Spectra of Radioelements
	10.2 Beta Rays and the Antineutrino
	10.3 Masses of Atoms
	10.4 Isotopes of Stable Elements
	10.5 The Nucleons
	10.6 The Positron
	10.7 Muons and Pions
	10.8 Particles and Antiparticles
	10.9 The Conservation Laws
	10.10 Interactions between Particles
	10.11 Preternatural Atoms
	Problems
Chapter 11 Wave Properties of Particles 277
	11.1 Matter Waves
	11.2 Mechanics as Geometrical Optics of the Waves
	11.3 Phase and Group Velocity
	11.4 The de Broglie Wavelength
	11.5 Experiments on Electron Waves
	11.6 Diffraction of Neutrons and Molecules
	11.7 Electrons and the Wave Function
	11.8 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
	11.9 The Schrddinger Wave Equation
	Problems
Chapter 12 Wave Mechanics I—Free States 307
	12.1 Electron Ream in a Field-free Space
	12.2 The Step Barrier
	12.3 Barrier Penetration
	12.4 The “Square" Well Free States
	12.5 Wave Packets and the Momentum Representation
	12.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
	12.7 Probability Stream Density
	Problems
Chapter 13 Wave Mechanics II—Bound States 327
	13.1 Stationary or Quantum States
	13.2 General Solutions for the Square Welt
	13.3 The Infinite Square Well
	13.4 The Finite Square Well
	13.5 Expectation Values
	13.6 Differential Operators
	13.7 The Rectangular Box
	13.8 The Harmonic Oscillator
	13.9 Properties of Eigenfunctions
	13.10 Transitions between States
	13.11 Perturbation Theory
	13.12  Emission and Absorption of Radiation
	Appendix
		Appendix 13A The Harmonic Oscillator
		Appendix 13B Proof of the Orthogonality Relation
	Problems
Chapter 14 Wave Mechanics III—The Hydrogen Atom 357
	14.1 The Schrodinger Equation for a One-electron Atom
	14.2 Separation of Variables
	14.3 The Wave Functions and Energy Levels
	14.4 Probability Density and Charge-cloud Density
	14.5 Orbital Angular Momentum
	14.6 Retativistic Effects and Electron Spin
	14.7 The Spin-Orbit Interaction
	14.8 The Quantum Number j
	14.9 Spatial Degeneracy of the Wave Function
	Appendix
		Appendix 14A Solutions of the Radial Equation
	Problems
Chapter 15 Atomic Structure 381
	15.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
	15.2 Shells and Subshells
	15.3 The Periodic Table
	15.4 The First Two Periods
	15.5 Remainder of the Periodic Table
	15.6 Penetrating Orbits
	15.7 Low-lying Energy States
	15.8 X-ray Energy Levels
	15.9 Photoelectrons Ejected by X-rays
	Appendix 15A Wave Mechanics for Two Identical Particles with Spin One-half
		15 A.1 Interacting Particles
		15A.2 Electron Spin. The Exclusion Principle
	Problems
Chapter 16 X-ray Spectra 411
	16.1 Low-lying Energy Levels
	16.2 Characteristic X-ray Lines
	16.3 Electron Excitation of X-ray Levels
	16.4 X-ray Doublets and Screening Constants
	16.5 The Fluorescence Yield and the Auger Effect
	16.6  Multiple Ionization of Inner Shells
	16.7 X-ray Spectra and the Outer Part of the Atom
	16.8 Refraction and Reflection of X-rays
	Problems
Chapter 17 Atomic Spectra 431
	17.1 Angular Momentum and the Selection Rules
	17.2 Alkali-type Spectra
	17.3 Fine Structure in Alkali Spectra
	17.4 The Spectrum of Helium
	17.5 Many-electron Wave Theory
	17.6 LS or Russell-Saunders Coupling
	17.7 LS Multiplets of Levels
	17.8 Spacing of the LS Multiplet Levels
	17.9 The Arc Spectrum of Mercury
	17.10 Equivalent Electrons
	17.11 Coupling of the jj Type
	17.12 The Rreadth of Spectral Lines
	Problems
Chapter 18 Atoms in a Magnetic Field 463
	18.1 Effects of a Magnetic Field on an Atom
	18.2 The Normal Zeeman Effect
	18.3 Electron Spin and the Lande g Factor
	18.4 Zeeman Patterns of LS Multiplets in a Weak Field
	18.5 The Paschen-Rack Effect
	18.6 Zeeman Effect in a Huge Field
	18.7 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
	18.8 Isotope Structure and Hyperfine Structure
	18.9 The Stark Effect
	Problems
Chapter 19 Molecules and Molecular Spectra 489
	19.1 Interatomic Forces
	19.2 The Ionic Rond
	19.3 The Hydrogen Molecule Ion
	19.4 The Hydrogen Molecule and the Covalent Rond
	19.5 Binding between Square Wells
	19.6 Molecular Spectra
	19.7 Rotation Spectra
	19.8 Vibration-rotation Spectra
	19.9 Molecular Quantum Stales
	19.10 Electronic Rands
	19.11 The Raman Effect
	19.12 The Ammonia Inversion Spectrum
	Problems
Chapter 20 Introduction to Quantum Statistics 529
	20.1 Statistics of Distinguishable Objects
	20.2 Indistinguishable and Exclusive Particles
	20.3 The Bose-Einslein Distribution
	20.4 The Fermi- Dirac Distribution Law
	20.5 Comparison of the Distribution Laws
	20.6 The Specific Heats of Gases
	20.7 Specific Heats of Solids
	20.8 The Photon Gas
	20.9 Homonuclear Molecules
	Problems
Chapter 21 Solids—Insulators and Metals 559
	21.1 Crystals
	21.2 Binding in Solids
	21.3 The Ionic Crystal
	21.4 Covalent Binding
	21.5 Metallic Binding
	21.6 Metals and Insulators
	21.7 Metallic Conduction
	21.8 The Sommerfield Free-electron Model
	21.9 Thermionic Emission
	21.10 Metals in Contact
	Problems
Chapter 22 The Band Model for Metals 587
	22.1 The Hall Effect
	22.2 Electrons in a Periodic Lattice
	22.3 Effective Mass
	22.4 Brillouin Zones
	22.5 The Fermi Surface
	22.6 Density of States
	22.7 Filled Bands and Holes
	22.8 Transition Metals
	Problems
Chapter 23 Semiconductors 609
	23.1 Semiconducting Materials
	23.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors
	23.3 Conductivity
	23.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors
	23.5 The Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductors
	23.6 The p-n Junction
	23.7 The p-n Rectifier
	23.8 The Photovoltaic Effect
	23.9 The Tunnel (or Esaki) Diode
	23.10 Metal- Semiconductor Junctions
	23.11 Thermoelectricity
	23.12 The Transistor
	Problems
Chapter 24 Interactions of High-energy Particles with Matter 635
	24.1 Attenuation of a Photon Beam
	24.2 Attenuation Processes
	24.3 Absorption vs. Attenuation
	24.4 Energy Loss of Charged Particles
	24.5 The Stopping of Electrons
	24.6 Cerenkov Radiation
	24.7 Detection of Charged Particles
	Problems
Chapter 25 The Nucleus 661
	25.1 Discovery of Artificial Transmutation
	25.2 Discovery of the Neutron
	25.3 Properties of Nuclei
	25.4 Constituents of Nuclei
	25.5 Masses and Binding Energies
	25.6 Nuclear Forces
	25.7 Induced Radioactivity
	25.8 Nuclear Transformations with Artificially Accelerated Particles
	25.9 Accelerators
	25.10 General Features of Nuclear Reactions
	25.11 Masses of Mirror Nuclides
	25.12 Particle Groups
	25.13 Nuclear Resonances
	25.14 Liquid-drop Model
	25.15 Neutron Reactions
	25.16 Energy Levels of Nuclei
	25.17 The Shell Model
	25.18 The Collective Model
	25.19 Discovery of Fission
	25.20 Theory of Fission
	25.21 Prompt Neutrons—Chain Reactions
	25.22 Fusion
	Problems
Appendix—Electronic Structure of Atoms 753
Index 755