Introduction to Fiber-Optic Communications (Instructor Res n. 1 of 2, Solution Manual) (Solutions)

Cover
Introduction to Fiber-Optic
Communications
Copyright
Dedication
Author Biography
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of constants
Section 1
1
Introduction
	Why optical fiber
	Evolution of fiber-optic communication technologies
	Optical systems enabled by DSP
	Basic units often used for fiber-optic system engineering
Section 2
2
Optical fibers
	Introduction
	General properties of optical waves
	Reflection and refraction
		Fresnel reflection coefficients
		Special cases of reflection angles
		Optical field phase shift between the incident and the reflected beams
		Brewster angle
	Propagation modes in optical fibers
		Geometric optics analysis
		Mode analysis using electromagnetic field theory
		Mode classification
		Numerical aperture
		Field distribution profile of SMF
	Optical fiber attenuation
	Group velocity and dispersion
		Phase velocity and group velocity
		Group velocity dispersion
		Sources of chromatic dispersion
		Modal dispersion
		Polarization mode dispersion
		Mode division multiplexing
	Nonlinear effects in an optical fiber
		Stimulated Brillouin scattering
		Stimulated Raman scattering
		Kerr effect nonlinearity and nonlinear Schrödinger equation
	Different types of optical fibers
		Standard optical fibers for transmission
		Specialty optical fibers
	Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
3
Light sources for optical communications
	Introduction
	Properties of semiconductor materials for light sources
		PN junction and energy diagram
		Direct and indirect semiconductors
		Spontaneous emission and stimulated emission
		Carrier confinement
	Light-emitting diodes
		PI curve
		Modulation dynamics
	Laser diodes
		Amplitude and phase conditions for self-sustained oscillation
		Rate equations
		Steady state solutions of rate equations
		Side-mode suppression ratio
		Modulation response
		Laser noises
	Single-frequency semiconductor lasers
		DFB and DBR laser structures
		External cavity LDs
	VCSELs and arrays
	LD biasing and packaging
	Summary
	Problems
	References
4
Photodetectors
	Introduction
	PN and PIN photodiodes
	Responsivity and electric bandwidth
		Quantum efficiency and responsivity
		Speed of photodetection response
		Electrical characteristics of a photodiode
	Photodetector noise and SNR
		Sources of photodetection noise
		SNR of an optical receiver
		Noise-equivalent power
	Avalanche photodiodes
		APD used as a linear detector
		APD used as a single-photon detector
	Other types of photodetectors
		Photovoltaic
		Charge-coupled devices
	Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
5
Optical amplifiers
	Introduction
	Optical gain, gain bandwidth, and saturation
	Optical noise and noise figure
		Optical noise power spectral density
		Impact of ASE noise in the electrical domain
		Noise figure
	Semiconductor optical amplifiers
		Steady-state analysis
		Gain dynamics of SOA
		All-optical signal processing based on the cross-gain and cross-phase modulation
		Wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing in an SOA
	Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
		Absorption and emission cross sections
		Rate equations
		Numerical solutions of Rate equations
		Additional considerations in EDFA design
	Raman amplifiers
	Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
6
Passive optical components
	Introduction
	Fiber-optic directional couplers
		Basic parameters of a fiber-optic directional coupler
		Transfer matrix of a 2x2 optical coupler
	Optical interferometer based on two-beam interference
	Interferometers based on multi-pass interference
		Fabry-Perot Interferometers
		Optical ring resonators
	Fiber Bragg gratings
	WDM multiplexers and demultiplexers
		Thin-film-based interference filters
		Arrayed waveguide gratings
		Acousto-optic filters
	Optical isolators and circulators
		Optical isolators
		Optical circulators
	PLCs and silicon photonics
		Slab optical waveguides
		Rectangle optical waveguides
		Directional couplers
		Silicon photonics
	Optical switches
		Types of optical switches
	Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
7
External electro-optic modulators
	Introduction
	Basic operation principle of electro-optic modulators
		EO coefficient and phase modulator
		Electro-optic intensity modulator
		Optical intensity modulation vs. field modulation
		Frequency doubling and high-order harmonic generation
	Optical single-sideband modulation
	Optical I/Q modulator
	Electro-optic modulator based on ring-resonators
	Optical modulators using electro-absorption effect
	Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
8
Optical transmission system design
	Introduction
	BER vs. Q-value for binary modulated systems
		Overview of IMDD optical systems
		Receiver BER and Q
	Impacts of noise and waveform distortion on system Q-value
		Q-calculation for optical signals without waveform distortion
		Q-estimation based on eye diagram parameterization
	Receiver sensitivity and required OSNR
		Receiver sensitivity
		Required OSNR
	Concept of wavelength division multiplexing
	Sources of optical system performance degradation
		Performance degradation due to linear sources
			Eye closure penalty due to chromatic dispersion
			Eye closure penalty due to PMD
			ASE noise accumulation in fiber systems with inline optical amplifiers
			Multipath interference
		Performance degradation due to fiber nonlinearities
		Semi-analytical approaches to evaluate nonlinear crosstalks in fiber-optic systems
			XPM-induced intensity modulation in IMDD optical systems
			XPM-induced phase modulation
			FWM-induced crosstalk in IMDD optical systems
			Modulation instability and its impact in WDM optical systems
	Conclusion
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
9
Coherent optical communication systems
	Introduction
	Basic principles of coherent detection
	Receiver signal-to-noise ratio calculation of coherent detection
		Heterodyne and homodyne detection
		Signal-to-noise-ratio in coherent detection receivers
	Balanced coherent detection and polarization diversity
		Balanced coherent detection
		Polarization diversity
	Phase diversity and I/Q detection
	Conclusion
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
10
Modulation formats for optical communications
	Introduction
	Binary NRZ vs. RZ modulation formats
	Generation of PRBS patterns and clock recovery
	Polybinary, duobinary, and carrier-suppressed RZ modulation
		M-ary and Polybinary coding
		Duo-binary optical modulation
		Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ)
	BPSK and DPSK optical systems
	High-level PSK and QAM modulation
	Analog optical systems and radio over fiber
		Analog subcarrier multiplexing and optical single-sideband modulation
		Carrier-to-signal ratio, inter-modulation distortion and clipping
		Impact of relative intensity noise
		Radio-over-fiber technology
	Optical system link budgeting
		Power budgeting
		OSNR budgeting
	Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
11
Application of high-speed DSP in optical communications
	Introduction
	Enabling technologies for DSP-based optical transmission
	Electronic-domain compensation of transmission impairments
		Dispersion compensation
		PMD compensation and polarization de-multiplexing
		Carrier phase recovery in a coherent detection receiver
	Digital subcarrier multiplexing: OFDM and Nyquist frequency-division multiplexing
		Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
		Nyquist pulse modulation and frequency-division multiplexing
		Optical system considerations for DSCM
			I/Q mixing for subcarrier up-conversion and down-conversion
			Signal-signal beat interference in DSCM with direct detection
			The Kramers-Kronig algorithm
			DSCM with coherent detection
	Summary
	Problems
	References
12
Optical networking
	Introduction
	Layers of communication networks and optical network topologies
		Layers of an optical network
		Optical network topologies
		SONET, SDH, and IP
	Optical network architectures and survivability
		Categories of optical networks
		Optical network protection and survivability
	Passive optic networks and fiber to the home
		TDM-PON
		WDM-PON
	Optical interconnects and datacenter optical networks
		Optical interconnection
		Datacenter optical networks
	Optical switching and cross connection
		Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexing
		Optical cross-connect circuit switching
		Elastic optical networks
		Optical packet switching
	Electronic circuit switching based on digital subcarrier multiplexing
	Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further Reading
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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