Introduction to Diagnostic Microbiology for the Laboratory Sciences

Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Clinical Microbiology
	Classification and Taxonomy
	Characteristics of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
		Bacterial Components
		Cellular Metabolism
		Exotoxins and Endotoxins
	The Role of Clinical Microbiology
	The Infectious Process
		Normal Flora
		Modes of Transmission—Routes of Infection
		True versus Opportunistic Pathogens
		Host Defense Mechanisms
		Signs of Infection
		Nosocomial and Health Care–Associated Infections
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 2 Safety in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
	Laboratory Safety
	Exposure Control
		Safety Education
		Universal Precautions and Standard Precautions
		Personal Protective Equipment
		Engineering Controls
		Postexposure Plan
	Fire Safety
	Chemical Safety
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 3 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Preliminary Identification Methods
	General Specimen Guidelines
	Specimen Collection Requirements for Specific Sites
		Respiratory Tract
		Gastrointestinal Tract
		Urine
		Blood
		Cerebrospinal Fluid
		Genital Tract
		Wound and Abscesses
	Specimen Transport and Processing
	Initial Specimen Plating and Identification Methods
		Microscopic Examination of Clinical Specimens
		Selection and Inoculation of Primary Media
	Preliminary Biochemical Tests
		Carbohydrate Utilization
		Catalase
		Cytochrome Oxidase
		Coagulase
		Spot Indole
		PYR Hydrolysis
	Quality Control
	Laboratory Procedures
		Quality Control
	Quality Control
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Traditional Methods of Examination. .
	Microscopy
		Brightfield Microscopy
	Direct Examination Methods
	Staining Methods
		Methylene Blue
		Gram Stain
		Acid-Fast Stains
		Fluorescent Stains
		Fungal Stains
		Antibody-Conjugated Stains
	Laboratory Procedures
	Quality Control
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 5 Automation, Immunodiagnostics, and Molecular Methods
	Multitest Systems
	Automated Identification Systems
		Principles
		Automated Systems for Identification
	Immunochemical Methods
		Antigens and Antibodies
		Immunochemical Methods to Detect Microorganisms
	Immunofluorescence
	Immunoserological Techniques
		Acute and Convalescent Phase Specimens
		Immunoserological Applications
	Introduction to Molecular Techniques
		Nucleic Acid Probes
		Amplification Methods
		Nucleic Acid Sequencing
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 6 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
	Overview of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
		Selection of Antibiotics
		Categories and Types of Antibiotics
		Antimycobacterial Agents
		Antifungal Agents
		Antiviral Agents
	Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents
		Intrinsic Resistance
		Acquired Resistance
	Laboratory Methods for Susceptibility Testing
		Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing
		Quantitative Dilution Susceptibility Testing
		Specific Methods to Determine Bacterial Resistance
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 7 Staphylococci and Other Catalase-Positive Gram-Positive Cocci
	Gram-Positive Cocci
	Staphylococcus
		Staphylococcus aureus
		Specimen Collection
		Infectious Processes
		Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
	Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
		Staphylococcus epidermidis
		Staphylococcus saprophyticus
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 8 Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Related Organisms
	Streptococcus
		Classification
		β-Hemolytic Streptococcus
		Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
		Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)
		Miscellaneous β-Hemolytic Streptococcus
		Viridans Streptococci
		Streptococcus pneumoniae
		Streptococcus bovis Group
	Enterococcus
		Nutritionally Variant Streptococci (NVS): Abiotrophia and Granulicatella
		Other Catalase-Negative Streptococcal-Like Organisms
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 9 Neisseria
	Characteristics of Neisseria
	Identification of Neisseria Species
		Infectious Process
		Neisseria gonorrhoeae
		Neisseria meningitidis
		Moraxella catarrhalis
	Miscellaneous Neisseria
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 10 Enterobacteriaceae
	Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae
	Serological Characteristics
	Isolation
	Identification
	Identification and Significance of Selected Enterobacteriaceae
		Escherichia coli
		Shigella
		Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia-Hafnia Group (Tribe Klebsielleae)
		Proteeae
	Antibiotic Susceptibility and Treatment
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 11 Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli
	Characteristics of Nonfermenters
		Identification of Nonfermenters
	Family Pseudomonadaceae
		Pseudomonas aeruginosa
		Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida
		P. stutzeri and P. mendocina
	Burkholderia
	Ralstonia
	Acinetobacter
	Stenotrophomonas
	Alcaligenes
	Achromobacter
	Moraxella
	Oligella
	Chryseobacterium
	Kingella
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 12 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli: Part 1
	Vibrio
		Vibrio cholerae
		Other Vibrio
	Campylobacter
	Helicobacter
	Aeromonas
	Plesiomonas
	Laboratory Procedures
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 13 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli: Part 2
	Haemophilus
		Isolation
		Identification
		Haemophilus influenzae
		Miscellaneous Haemophilus Species
	Legionella
	Bordetella
	Brucella
	Pasteurella
	Francisella
	Streptobacillus
	HACEK Group
	Chromobacterium
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 14 Gram-Positive Bacilli
	Spore Formers
		Bacillus
	Nonspore Formers
		Catalase Positive and Nonbranching
		Catalase Negative and Simple Branching
		Branching or Partially Acid Fast Gram-Positive Bacilli
		Miscellaneous Gram-Positive Bacilli
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 15 Spirochetes
	Borrelia
		Relapsing Fever
		Borrelia burgdorferi
	Treponema
		Treponema pallidum
		Other Treponemes
		Miscellaneous Spirochetes
	Leptospira
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 16 Anaerobes
	Overview of Anaerobes
		Oxygen Tolerance
	Specimen Collection and Transport
		Identification
	Anaerobic Culture Media and Incubation
		Culture Media
		Incubation
		Biochemical and Other Identification Methods
	Clinically Relevant Anaerobes
		Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
	Anaerobic Gram-Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli: Clostridium
		Clostridium tetani
		Clostridium botulinum
		Clostridium perfringens
		Clostridium difficile
		Miscellaneous Clostridia
	Anaerobic Gram-Positive Non–Spore-Forming Bacilli
	Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
	Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci
	Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Anaerobes
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 17 Mycobacterium
	Classification
		Specimen Collection
		Specimen Processing
		Staining
		Culture Media
		Identification
	Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
		Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Tuberculosis
		Photochromogens
		Scotochromogens
		Nonphotochromogens
		Rapid Growers: Mycobacterium Fortuitum Chelonei Complex
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 18 Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia
	Chlamydiaceae
		Chlamydia trachomatis
		Chlamydophila psittaci
		Chlamydophila pneumoniae
	Mycoplasma
	Rickettsiaceae
		Rickettsia rickettsii
		Rickettsia akari
		Rickettsia prowazekii
		Rickettsia typhi
		Orientia tsutsugamushi
	Anaplasmataceae
		Ehrlichia
		Coxiella
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 19 Introduction to Virology
	Viral Structure and Characteristics
		Viral Replication
		Specimen Selection, Collection, and Processing
		Laboratory Methods in Virology
		Serological Detection of Viral Antibodies
	Selected Medically Important Viruses
		Adenovirus
		Hepatitis Viruses
		Herpes Viruses
		Papillomaviridae
		Papovaviruses
		Poxviruses
		Arboviruses
		Filoviridae
		Picornaviridae
		Orthomyxoviridae
		Paramyxoviridae
		Rhabdoviridae
		Reoviridae
		Caliciviruses
		Retroviridae
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 20 Introduction to Medical Mycology
	Introduction to Mycology
		Specimen Collection
		Identification Methods
		Culture Media
		Microscopic Examination of Growth
		Incubation and Macroscopic Morphology
	Fungal Infections
		Superficial Mycoses
		Subcutaneous Mycoses
		Systemic Mycoses: Dimorphic Fungi
		Yeast and Yeast-Like Fungi
		Candida
		Opportunistic Saprobic Fungi
		Serological Testing
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 21 Introduction to Medical Parasitology
	Introduction and Definitions
	Specimen Collecting, Processing, and Examining of Stool Specimens
		Collection and Processing of Stool Specimens
		Microscopic Examination
		Direct Smears
		Concentration Methods for Stool Specimens
		Permanently Stained Mounts
		Blood Specimens
	Protozoa
		Intestinal Amoebas
		Free-Living Amoebas
		Intestinal Flagellates
		Intestinal Ciliate
		Intestinal Coccidia
		Miscellaneous Protozoa
		Sporozoa from Blood and Tissue
		Hemoflagellates
		Trypanosomes
	Nematodes
		Strongyloides stercoralis
		Hookworms: Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
		Enterobius vermicularis
		Ascaris lumbricoides
		Trichuris trichiura
		Trichinella spiralis
		Blood and Tissue Nematodes: Filarial Worms
	Cestodes
		Diphyllobothrium latum
		Hymenolepsis nana
		Hymenolepsis diminuta
		Dipylidium canium
		Taenia saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica
		Echinococcus granulosus
	Trematodes
		Intestinal Flukes
		Schisotosomes: Blood Flukes
	Laboratory Procedures
	Laboratory Exercises
	Review Questions
	Bibliography
CHAPTER 22 Clinical Specimens
	Introduction
	Primary Plating of Specimens
	Blood Cultures and Bacteremia
		Types and Causes of Bacteremia
		Blood Culture Specimen Collection
		Manual Blood Cultures
		Automated Blood Culture Systems
		Microorganisms Associated with Blood Infections
	Cerebrospinal Fluid—Meningitis and Central Nervous System Infections
		Collection and Analysis of CSF
	Respiratory Tract Specimens and Infections
		Upper Respiratory Tract
		Throat Specimens
		Lower Respiratory Tract
		Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections—Sputum Specimens
	Eye and Ear Specimens and Infections
	Urinary Tract Specimens and Infections
		Urine Collection and Processing
		Colony Count
		Automated Urine Screening Methods
	Gastrointestinal Tract Specimens and Infections
		Specimen Collection and Processing
	Genital Tract Specimens and Infections
		Specimen Collection for Urogenital Infections
		Direct Examination
	Skin and Wound Specimens and Infections
		Specimen Collection for Wound and Skin Infections
	Pleural, Peritoneal, Pericardial, and Synovial Fluids
		Pleural Fluid
		Peritoneal Fluid
		Pericardial Fluid
		Synovial Fluid
	Laboratory Procedures
	Case Studies and Review Questions
	Bibliography
Glossary
Index