International Handbook of Health Expectancies (International Handbooks of Population, 9)

Preface\nContents\nContributors\nAbbreviations\nPart I: Monitoring Trends and Gaps\n	1: Operationalization of Concepts of Health and Disability\n		Introduction\n		Health\n		The Medical Model\n		WHO Definition\n		EuroQOL\n		Health Concept Proposed by Huber\n		Self-Rated Health\n		Disability\n			Washington Group Questions\n			WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0\n			WHO Model Disability Survey\n			Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)\n			Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI)\n			Importance of Including Disability Severity\n			Evolution of the Disability Concept and Importance for Public Health Policies\n		Frailty\n			Phenotype Model\n			Cumulative Deficit Model\n			Multidimensional Model\n			Importance of Developing a Global Frailty Measure\n		Composite Health Measures\n		Conclusions\n		References\n	2: Trends in Health Expectancies\n		Introduction\n		Defining the Different Health Scenarios\n		Possible Trends in Population Health\n		Trends and Scenarios Observed in Different Parts of the World\n		Discussion\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	3: An Analysis of Macro-level Determinants of Geographic Disparities in Health Expectancies\n		Background\n		Review of Empirical Research Findings\n			The European Union (EU) Member Countries\n			The United Kingdom (UK)\n			East Central Europe and the Former Soviet Republics\n			Japan\n			China\n		Summary\n		References\n	4: Monitoring Social Differentials in Health Expectancies\n		Background\n		Health Expectancies by Social Status\n			Policy Relevance of Measuring Social Inequalities in Health Expectancies\n			Defining and Measuring Social Status\n				How the Social Situation of Individuals Relates to their Health\n				Understanding the Determinants of Social Health Inequality\n				Social Status and the Disablement Process\n			Stratifying a Population by a Social Criterion\n				Selecting the Appropriate Social Criteria\n				Alternative Approaches to Individual Social Criteria\n		Measuring Social Status, and Mortality and Health by Social Status\n			Collecting Appropriate Information on Mortality and Health by Social Status\n				Availability of Data Stratified by Social Status\n				Collecting Social Status in Surveys or Censuses\n				The Measure of Mortality by SES: Linked vs Unlinked Data Sources\n				Measuring Health by Socio-economic Status\n		The International Literature on Health Expectancy by Social Status\n			Characteristics of the Studies: Social Indicators, Country, Method\n			Patterns and Trends in Health Expectancy by Social Status\n				Social Inequalities in Health Expectancies\n				Varying Gaps According to the Health or Disability Indicator\n				Social Differences in Health Expectancies Across Age\n				Social Differences in Health Expectancies by Gender\n				Trends in Health Expectancies by Social Status\n				Health Expectancy Within Countries Across Deprivation Areas\n				Comparing Social Inequalities in Health Expectancy Across Countries or Regions\n			Underlying Mechanisms for Social Differences in Health Expectancies\n				Living Standard, Work Conditions, Health Related Practices and Risks Factors\n				Country Variations\n				Incidence and Recovery: Differentiated Health Transitions\n		Discussion: Perspectives to Monitor Social Gaps in Health Expectancies\n			Methodological Issues and Data Improvements\n			New Insights\n		References\nPart II: Advances in Data and Methodology\n	5: Data Sources for Health Expectancy Research\n		Types of Data\n		Measures Used in Health Expectancy Research\n			Self-Rated Health\n			Disability and Functional Limitation\n			Chronic Conditions and Diseases\n			Cognitive Impairment and Dementia\n			Psychological Well-Being\n			Covariates\n		Data Sources\n			Cross-Sectional\n				Censuses\n				Surveys\n			Panel Data\n				Surveys\n				Administrative Data\n			Cross-National Data Sources\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	6: Attributing Causes to Disability\n		Introduction\n		Attribution Method\n			Binomial Additive Hazard Model\n			Multinomial Additive Hazard Model\n			Assumptions of the Additive Hazard Models\n			Absolute and Relative Contribution of Diseases and Background to the Disability Prevalence\n		Application of the Attribution Method to the National Health Survey, Brazil, 2013\n			Data\n			Results for the Binomial Model\n			Results for the Multinomial Model\n			Interpretation of the Cumulative Rates of Disability and Multimorbidity\n			Independence Assumption\n		Previous Applications of the Attribution Method\n			Contribution of Diseases to Gender and Education Disparities in Health Expectancies\n			Contribution of Diseases to Disparities in Years Lived with Disability\n			Contribution of Diseases to the Disability Prevalence\n		Alternative Methods\n		Strengths and Limitations of the Attribution Method Compared to Other Methods\n		Concluding Remarks\n		Suggestions for Future Analyses\n		References\n	7: Decomposing Gaps in Healthy Life Expectancy\n		Introduction\n		Developments in Decomposition Analysis\n			Decomposing Change in an Aggregate Index into Direct Versus Compositional Change\n			Decomposing an Index into the Contribution of Its Covariates\n			Decomposition of Healthy Life Expectancy\n		General Formulations for Decomposition Problems\n			Step-Wise Decomposition Method\n			Continuous Change Decomposition Method\n			Comparing Step-Wise and Continuous Change Methodologies\n		Software to Decompose Healthy Life Expectancy\n			Decomposing Healthy Life Expectancy with the DemoDecomp R Package\n			Installing the Package in R\n			Installing Other Needed Packages\n			The Decomposition Functions Built into the DemoDecomp Package\n			Creating a Function to Estimate the Sullivan HLE\n			Preparing the Inputs\n			Calculating the Gap in Healthy Life Expectancy\n			Decomposing the Gap into Its Age-Specific Mortality and Morbidity Contributions\n			Interpreting the Results\n			Checking That Our Contributions Sum to the Gap\n		Conclusion and Future Outlook\n		References\n	8: Assessing the Impact of Risk Factors on Health Expectancy\n		Introduction\n		Health Expectancy by Risk Factor Exposure\n			Sullivan’s Method Stratified by Risk Factor Exposure\n			Multistate Life Table Methods\n			Micro-simulation Modelling\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	9: Microsimulation of Health Expectancies, Life Course Health, and Health Policy Outcomes\n		Background\n		Summary of Microsimulation\n		Contributions of Microsimulation to Active Life Expectancy Research\n			Variation Among and Within Groups\n			New Measures of Population Health\n			Policy Simulations\n			Innovative Models of Population Health\n			Forecasting Disability and Service Needs\n			Estimating Interval Need in the United States\n		Conclusions\n			Strengths\n			Considerations and Approaches to Address Them\n		Directions for Future Research\n			Use High Quality Longitudinal Data\n			Enhance Reporting of Uncertainty\n			Extend Active Life Expectancy Research to Younger Ages\n		References\n	10: Forecasting Health Expectancy – What the Future Might Hold\n		Background\n		Review of Forecasting Models\n			Cross-Sectional Methods\n			Macrosimulation Models\n			Microsimulation Models\n		Future Research\n		References\nPart III: Quantity and Quality of Life: Synergy and/or Trade-Off\n	11: Gender Differences in Healthy and Unhealthy Life Expectancy\n		Introduction\n		Variation of the Gender Gap in Health Expectancy by Health Indicator\n			Activity Limitation\n			Chronic Morbidity\n			Self-Perceived General Health\n			Variations in the Gender Gap in Healthy and Unhealthy Life Expectancy\n		Gender Differences in Health Reporting\n		Summary and Concluding Remarks\n		References\n	12: Self-Rated Health: When and How to Use It in Studies Among Older People?\n		Introduction\n		Why SRH May Deviate from More Objective Health Measures\n		The Use of SRH as a Proxy Measure of Objective Health Status\n			Discriminating Between Poor and Good Health at One Point in Time\n			Repeated Measures and Response Shift in SRH\n			SRH and Clinical Trials\n			Using SRH in Trend Studies\n			Using SRH in Cross-National Studies\n			Variations in Measuring and Analysing SRH\n		Conclusions and Recommendations\n			Using SRH as a Measure of Health Perceptions\n			Using SRH as a Proxy Measure of More Objective Health Status\n				Cross-Sectional Studies: Screening Populations\n				Longitudinal Studies: Measuring Health Trajectories or Outcomes of Clinical Trials\n				Estimating Trends in Health Over Time and Across Countries\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	13: Health Expectancy in Policy: The Use and Uptake of the Healthy Life Years Indicator and the Global Activity Limitation Indicator by the European Commission and Member States\n		Healthy Life Years as an Indicator of Progress with the Lisbon Strategy: The Early Days\n		Contemporary Uptake of the HLY Indicator\n			HLY Use in Health and Other Policy Domains\n			The GALI in Surveys\n			Presentation and Dissemination of HLY\n			Capacity to Use GALI and HLY\n		Concluding Remarks\n		References\n	14: Policy Relevance of Health Expectancy in Health Promotion\n		Introduction\n		Health Promotion Movement and the World Health Organization (WHO)\n		Healthy People in the United States (US)\n		Utilisation of Health Expectancy in Europe\n		Health Promotion in Japan\n			Health Promotion Policies in Japan at National Level\n			Health Promotion Policies at Local Level in Japan Including Public and Private Initiatives\n			Health Expectancy Knowledge and Interest Within the General Population in Japan\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	15: Utility of Health Expectancy When Evaluating Health Care Systems\n		Contribution of Health Care to Health Outcomes in Determinants of Health Framework\n		Current Uses of Health Expectancies by Health Care Systems\n		Potential Applications of Health Expectancies as Outcome Measures for Health Care Systems\n			Research and Planning Applications\n			Clinical and Operational Applications\n			Mission/Strategy/Policy Applications\n		Barriers to Using Health Expectancies as Outcome Measures for Health Care Systems and Opportunities to Overcome the Barriers\n			Actionability: Health Care Systems and Clinicians May Not Know How to Impact Health Expectancies, and Health Expectancies May Be Slow to Respond to Clinical Interventions\n			Limited Data Availability and Currency: Limiting Frequency of Reporting and/or Minimum Population Size\n		Discussion\n		References\nPart IV: Assessing New Dimensions\n	16: Pain and Disablement\n		Introduction\n		Measurement and Conceptualization of Pain\n		Linking Pain to Disability\n		Empirical Evidence Using Two Datasets\n			Data\n			Prevalence\n			The Association Between Pain and Disablement\n			Summary and Discussion\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	17: Cognitive and Mental Health Expectancies\n		Introduction\n		Dementia and Cognitive Impairment\n			Measurement of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Population-Based Studies\n			Dementia Findings\n			Cognitive Impairment Findings\n			Demographic and Risk Factor Differentials in Cognitive Impairment Free Health Expectancies\n		Mental Health\n			Measurement of Common Mental Disorders and Mental Health in Epidemiological Surveys\n			Summary of Findings on Mental Ill-Health Free Life Expectancies\n		Limitations and Future Research\n		References\n	18: Combining Working Life and Health Expectancies\n		Introduction\n		The Concept of Working Life Expectancy\n		Measures of Working Life Expectancy Across the World and Trends in Europe\n		Working Life and Health Expectancies\n		Summary and Outlook\n		References\n	19: Subjective Well-being: Long and Happy Lives\n		Introduction\n		Subjective Well-being\n			Measuring Subjective Well-being\n			Determinants of Happiness\n			Gender Differences in Happiness\n			Cross-Country Differences in Happiness\n		Happy Life Years\n			National Differences\n			Gender Differences\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	20: Revisiting the Disablement Process\n		Introduction\n		Types of Models\n			Visual Image\n			Taxonomy\n			Formal Theory\n		Scientific Model: The Disablement Process\n		Comparing Types of Models\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	21: Oral Health, Longevity and Quality of Life\n		Introduction\n		Oral Health and Morbidity\n		Oral Health and Mortality\n		Oral Health and Health Expectancies and Quality of Life\n			Oral Health as a Risk Factor for Health Expectancy\n			Oral Health Expectancy\n		Discussion\n		References\n	22: Conclusions and Future Directions\n		Future Trends in Life and Health Expectancy\n		Inequalities in Health Expectancies Between Population Subgroups\n		The Inter-Relationship Between Different Health Dimensions\n		References