International Corporate Personhood: Business and the Bodyless in International Law

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Introduction: the status quo
1	The emergence of international corporate personhood
	I. Definitions and distinctions
		a. Definitions
		b. Distinctions
	II. The corporate trinity: state, Church, company
	III. A brief history of corporate personhood in three phases
		a. The Magistrate Charter Phase: pre-1850
		b. The public charter phase: 1850–1945
		c. The personhood phase: post-1945
	IV. Three conceptions of the ICP
		a. Para-individualist
		b. Para-statist
		c. Para-institutionalist
	V. Three incarnations of the ICP
		a. The organic or ‘real entity’ theory
		b. The positivist or concession theory
		c. The proxy or institutional theory
	VI. The separation of ownership and control
	VII. Discussion: a person composed of persons
2 The international corporate person in international law: judge-made law
	I. Preface to the next two chapters
	II. The ICP in international tribunals
		i. Subjectivity of the corporation
		ii. Substantive rights
		iii. Criminal liability of corporations
		iv. Alien Tort Statute
		v. Human rights
		vi. Environment
		vii. Intellectual property
		viii. Clean hands and corruption
		ix. Importing rights through the New York Convention
	III. Conceptualizing judge-made ICP obligations: erga omnes v. jus cogens
		a. Erga omnes
		b. Jus cogens
3 The international corporate person in international law: texts and practices
	I. Exclusivity and the text
	II. The ICP in international legal texts and practices
		a. Business and Human Rights
			i. The European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights
			ii. The protect, respect, and remedy framework
			iii. The OEIGWG draft binding instrument
			iv. The Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights arbitration
		b. International criminal law
			i. The joint criminal enterprise and aiding and abetting
			ii. Environmental harm as a crime against humanity
		c. International anti-corruption texts and practices
			i. Explicit international anti-corruption instruments
			ii. Transfer pricing
			iii. Tax havens
			iv. Deferred prosecution agreements
		d. Environmental law
			i. Stockholm
			ii. Rio and aftermath
		e. International economic law
			i. Legacies of the new international legal order
			ii. ‘Development’ and the ICP
		f. OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises
	III. The modern ICP’s role in ‘authoring’ international law
		a. ‘Consultant’ or ‘observer’ status
		b. The WTO’s TRIPS agreement
		c. CEO preferences and political spending
	IV. No analogies: the ICP’s unique status under international law
4	Theorizing international corporate personhood
	I. Conceptualizing the international corporate person
		a. Corporate exceptionalism
		b. Beyond state, individual, and institution
		c. Human problems and corporate conceptions
	II. Constituency and sovereignty as human problems
		a. Constituency: IEL as a case study
		b. Sovereignty as a strategy
	III. The public–private delusion
		a. Background
		b. Insurance and SOEs: examples from international economic law
		c. Sovereignty and the veil
	IV. The ICP and a bundle of sticks
		a. Duties: civil and criminal
		b. The amorphous liability of corporate groups and networks
		c. Hume and Hohfeld
	V. Toward a theory of the ICP
	VI. Changing gears: a summary thus far
5	Political bodies and the bodyless
	I. Political bodies and the bodyless
	II. Persons as disjointed things
		a. The ICP and GVCs
		b. The ICP and CSR
	III. Things as disenfranchised persons
		a. Nature
		b. Animals and AI
	IV. ‘The actual’: liability
		a. Legal form and liability
		b. Territory and liability
		c. Liability in private normative orders
	V. ‘The possible’: reform
		a. Establishing new regimes: human rights and environment
		b. Global economic law: taxation and wealth registration
		c. Structural reform: governance and forbearance
			Codetermination
			Collective decision making
			Keiretsu
		d. Feminist political theory and the ICP
		e. Anthropocentrism, sovereignty, and the ICP
Conclusion: beyond sovereignty, beyond the veil
Index