Internal Medicine: An Illustrated Radiological Guide

Preface
Contents
1: Gastroenterology
	1.1 Liver Cirrhosis
		Types of Liver Cirrhosis
	1.2 Fatty Liver Disease (Liver Steatosis)
		Types of Liver Steatosis
	1.3 Recurrent Epigastric Pain
		Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie’s Syndrome)
		Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (Celiac Trunk Compression Syndrome/Dunbar’s Syndrome)
		Recurrent Abdominal Pain of Childhood
	1.4 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
		Crohn’s Disease
		Extraintestinal Manifestations of CD
		Ulcerative Colitis
		Extraintestinal Manifestations of UC
		Differences Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	1.5 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
	1.6 Pancreatitis
		Acute Pancreatitis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Chronic Pancreatitis
	1.7 Jaundice
		Kernicterus
		Obstructive Jaundice
		Bile Plug Syndrome
		Infectious Ascending Cholangitis
		Choledochal Web
	1.8 Diarrhea and Malabsorption
		Normal Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Common Causes of Diarrhea and Their Mechanism of Action
		Sprue
		Whipple’s Disease (Intestinal Lipodystrophy)
		VIPoma (Verner–Morrison Syndrome/Pancreatic Cholera)
	1.9 Boerhaave Syndrome
		Differential Diagnosis
	1.10 Multifocal Fibrosclerosis Disease
		Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
		Mediastinal Fibrosis
		Riedel’s Thyroiditis
	Further Reading
		Liver Cirrhosis
		Fatty Liver Disease (Liver Steatosis)
		Recurrent Epigastric Pain
		Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
		Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
		Pancreatitis
		Jaundice
		Diarrhea and Malabsorption
		Boerhaave Syndrome
		Multifocal Fibrosclerosis Disease
2: Neurology
	2.1 Stroke (Brain Infarction)
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	2.2 Stroke Diseases and Syndromes
		Moyamoya Disease (Progressive Occlusive Arteritis)
		Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
		Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukodystrophy (CADASIL)
		Diagnostic Criteria for CADASIL
		Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS)
		Cortical Laminar Necrosis
		Man-in-the-Barrel Syndrome
		Locked-In Syndrome
		Brain Stem Infarction Syndromes
		Subclavian Steal Syndrome
	2.3 Intracranial Hemorrhage
		Epidural Hematoma
		Subdural Hematoma
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Intracerebral/Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage
		Intraventricular Hemorrhage
		Hemorrhage into Malignancy
	2.4 Meningitis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	2.5 Encephalitis
		Limbic Encephalitis
		Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
		Hashimoto’s Encephalitis
		Rasmussen Encephalitis (Rasmussen Syndrome)
		Criteria to Diagnose Rasmussen Encephalitis
		Measles Encephalitis
		Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
		Japanese Encephalitis
		West Nile Encephalitis
		Tick-Borne Encephalitis (Spring–Summer Encephalitis)
		Murray Valley Encephalitis
		St. Louis Encephalitis
		Encephalitis Lethargica
	2.6 Epilepsy
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	2.7 Headache
		Migraine
		Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension (Schaltenbrand Syndrome)
		Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
		Temporal (Giant) Cell Arteritis
	2.8 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
		Multiple Sclerosis
		The Concept of Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging
		Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s Syndrome)
		Marburg’s Type MS
		Baló Concentric Sclerosis
		Schilder’s Disease (Diffuse Myelinoclastic Sclerosis)
		Susac’s Syndrome
		Guillain–Barré Syndrome
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	2.9 Parkinsonism
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	2.10 Dementia
		Alzheimer’s Disease
		Vascular Dementia
		Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (Pick’s Disease)
		Dementia with Lewy Bodies
		Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele–Richardson–Olszewski Syndrome)
		Multiple System Atrophy (Shy–Drager Syndrome)
		Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy (Binswanger’s Disease)
		Prion Disease
	2.11 Huntington’s Disease
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	2.12 Heat Stroke (Pancerebellar Syndrome)
	2.13 Aphasia
		Neural Control of Speech
		Aphasia Pathophysiology and Subtypes
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	2.14 Squint (Strabismus)
		Neural Control of Ocular Muscles
		Pathophysiology
		Related Disorders
	2.15 Nystagmus
		Neural Control of Eye Movement
		Nystagmus Subtypes
	2.16 Erectile Dysfunction
		Neural Control Human Sexual Behavior
		Pathophysiology
		Erectile Dysfunction Differential Diagnoses
	2.17 Neuromuscular Diseases
	2.18 Neurogenic Stuttering
	2.19 Decompression Sickness
	2.20 Spinal Cord Syndromes
	2.21 Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
	Further Reading
		Stroke (Brain Infarction)
		Stroke Diseases and Syndromes
		Intracranial Hemorrhage
		Meningitis
		Encephalitis
		Epilepsy
		Headache
		Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
		Parkinsonism
		Dementia
		Huntington’s Disease
		Heat Stroke (Pancerebellar Syndrome)
		Aphasia
		Squint (Strabismus)
		Nystagmus
		Erectile Dysfunction
		Neuromuscular Diseases
		Neurogenic Stuttering
		Decompression Sickness
		Spinal Cord Syndromes
		Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
3: Endocrinology and Metabolism
	3.1 Graves’ Disease (Hyperthyroidism)
	3.2 Hyperparathyroidism
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	3.3 Growth Hormone Diseases
		Growth Hormone Insufficiency (Hypopituitarism)
		Acromegaly and Gigantism
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Growth Hormone Insensitivity (Laron Syndrome)
		Carney’s Complex
			Carney’s Complex Major Diagnostic Criteria
	3.4 Osteoporosis
		Primary Osteoporosis
		Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan
		Secondary Osteoporosis
		Regional Migratory Osteoporosis of the Hip (Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome)
	3.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	3.6 Scurvy
	3.7 Fluorosis
	3.8 Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
	3.9 Adrenal Gland Abnormalities
		Cushing’s Syndrome
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Conn’s Syndrome (Hyperaldosteronism)
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Addison’s Disease
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Pheochromocytoma
		Neuroblastoma
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
		Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors
	3.10 Sex Hormone Abnormalities
		Polycystic Ovary Disease (Stein–Leventhal Syndrome)
		Precocious Puberty
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Van Wyk and Grumbach Syndrome
		Gynecomastia
		Intersex Disorders
			Female Pseudohermaphroditism
	3.11 Sheehan Syndrome (Postpartum Hypopituitarism)
	3.12 Hypothyroidism
	3.13 Gynecomastia
	Further Reading
		Graves’ Disease (Hyperthyroidism)
		Hyperparathyroidism
		Growth Hormone Diseases
		Osteoporosis
		Rickets and Osteomalacia
		Scurvy
		Fluorosis
		Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
		Adrenal Gland Abnormalities
		Sex Hormone Abnormalities
		Sheehan Syndrome (Postpartum Hypopituitarism)
		Hypothyroidism
		Gynecomastia
4: Nephrology
	4.1 Hypertension
		Renal Artery Stenosis
		The Normal Renal Artery Waveform Parameters
		Coarctation of the Aorta
		Polyarteritis Nodosa
		Takayasu Arteritis
			Criteria for TA Diagnosis (TA Diagnosis Requires At Least Three Criteria)
		Midaortic Syndrome
		Preeclampsia
		Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (Hypertensive Encephalopathy)
		Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney)
			Signs on Doppler Sonography
		Riley–Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia)
		Stafne’s Bone Defect of the Mandible
		Hypertensive Heart Disease
	4.2 Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Acquired Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	4.3 Renal Failure
	4.4 Intrathoracic Kidney
	4.5 Calciphylaxis
	4.6 Oxalosis
	4.7 Hypercalciuria
	4.8 Cystinosis
	4.9 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
	Further Reading
		Hypertension
		Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Renal Failure
		Intrathoracic Kidney
		Calciphylaxis
		Oxalosis
		Hypercalciuria
		Cystinosis
		Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
5: Cardiology
	5.1 Acute Chest Pain
		Acute Coronary Syndrome
		Acute Pulmonary Embolism
		Aortic Dissection
		Aortic Dissection Is Classified According to the Stanford and DeBakey Classifications
			Stanford Classification
			DeBakey Classification
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Aortic Intramural Hematoma
		Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer
	5.2 Diseases of the Great Vessels
		Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Pulmonary Hypertension
		Causes of PHT
		Coral Reef Aorta
		Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
	5.3 Myocardial Diseases (Cardiomyopathies)
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
		Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
		Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
		Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy (Spongy Myocardium)
		Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (Cardiomyopathy of Pregnancy)
	5.4 Endocarditis
		Infective Endocarditis
		Major Criteria
		Minor Criteria
		Löffler’s Endocarditis (Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Disease)
		Marantic Endocarditis (Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis)
	5.5 Pericardial Diseases
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	Further Reading
		Acute Chest Pain
		Diseases of the Great Vessels
		Myocardial Diseases (Cardiomyopathies)
		Endocarditis
		Pericardial Diseases
6: Rheumatology
	6.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	6.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie–Strümpell Disease)
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	6.3 Gout Arthritis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	6.4 CPPD and HADD
		Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease
		Hydroxyapatite Crystal Deposition Disease
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	6.5 Osteoarthritis
	6.6 Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	6.7 Baastrup’s Disease (Spinout Process Impingement Syndrome)
	6.8 Scheuermann’s Disease (Juvenile Kyphosis Dorsalis)
		Criteria for Scheuermann’s Disease Diagnosis
	6.9 Sjögren’s Syndrome (Myoepithelial Sialadenitis)
		Criteria to Diagnose SS
	6.10 Behçet Disease
		Clinical Criteria to Diagnose BD Require a Combination of Three or More of the Following Findings
	6.11 Sharp Syndrome (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease)
	6.12 Relapsing Polychondritis
		Diagnostic Criteria for Relapsing Polychondritis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
			MAGIC Syndrome
	6.13 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
	6.14 Polymyalgia Rheumatica
		Unusual Presentations of Polymyalgia Rheumatica
	6.15 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
			Brown’s Syndrome
	6.16 Frozen Shoulder
	6.17 Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
	Further Reading
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie–Strümpell Disease)
		Gout Arthritis
		CPPD and HADD
		Osteoarthritis
		Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis
		Baastrup’s Disease (Spinout Process Impingement Syndrome)
		Scheuermann’s Disease (Juvenile Kyphosis Dorsalis)
		Sjögren’s Syndrome (Myoepithelial Sialadenitis)
		Behçet Disease
		Sharp Syndrome (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease)
		Relapsing Polychondritis
		Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
		Polymyalgia Rheumatica
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Frozen Shoulder
		Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
7: Pulmonology
	7.1 Pleural Diseases
		Pleural Effusion
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Pneumothorax
		Pleural Calcification
	7.2 Alveolar Lung Diseases
		Types of Alveolar Lung Diseases
		Pulmonary Edema
		How to Differentiate Between Cardiogenic Edema from ARDS on Plain Chest Radiographs?
		Pneumonia
		Types of Pneumonias
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	7.3 Atelectasis (Lung Collapse)
		Types of Pulmonary Atelectases
	7.4 Sarcoidosis
		Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
		Sarcoidosis Has Five Radiological Grades on Plain Chest Radiograph
		Hepatic, Splenic, and Gastric Sarcoidosis
		Dermatological Sarcoidosis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Cardiac Sarcoidosis
		Neurosarcoid
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Musculoskeletal Sarcoidosis
		Head and Neck Sarcoidosis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Genitourinary Sarcoidosis
	7.5 Emphysema
	7.6 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
		Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
		Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
		Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
		Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
		Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
		Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
		Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman–Rich Syndrome)
	7.7 Histiocytoses
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome
		Omenn Syndrome
		Chédiak–Higashi Disease
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Rosai–Dorfman Disease (Sinus Histiocytosis)
		Xanthoma Disseminatum (Montgomery Syndrome)
		Erdheim–Chester Disease (Lipogranulomatosis)
		How Can You Differentiate ECD from HSCD?
	7.8 Hemoptysis
		Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
		Anomalous Systemic Artery Supplying Normal Lung Parenchyma
		Pulmonary Vasculitis
		Cardiac Bronchus
		Dieulafoy Disease
	7.9 Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
		Pulmonary Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
		Nasal and Sinus Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
		Gastrointestinal (GI) Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
		Genitourinary Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
		Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
	7.10 Sleep Apnea Syndromes
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
		OSAS and Obesity
		OSAS and Endocrine–Metabolic Abnormalities
		OSAS and Cardiovascular Diseases
		Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
		Central Alveolar Apnea Syndrome (Ondine’s Curse)
		Cheyne–Stokes Respiration
		Uncommon and Rare Causes of Sleep Apnea
	Further Reading
		Pleural Diseases
		Alveolar Lung Diseases
		Atelectasis (Lung Collapse)
		Sarcoidosis
		Emphysema
		Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
		Histiocytoses
		Hemoptysis
		Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
		Sleep Apnea Syndromes
8: Dermatology
	8.1 Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	8.2 Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease)
	8.3 Dermatomyositis
	8.4 Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria)
	8.5 Lymphedema
		Causes of Primary Lymphedemas
		Causes of Secondary Lymphedemas
		Differential Diagnoses of Lymphedema
	8.6 Neuropathic Itch (Pruritus)
		Neural Control Pruritus
		Differential Diagnoses of Neuropathic Itch
	8.7 Cutis Verticis Gyrata
	Further Reading
		Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
		Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease)
		Dermatomyositis
		Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria)
		Lymphedema
		Neuropathic Itch (Pruritus)
		Cutis Verticis Gyrata
9: Hematology
	9.1 Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	9.2 β-Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s Anemia)
	9.3 Sickle Cell Disease
		The Lungs in SCD
		The Skeletal System in SCD
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		The Brain in SCD
		The Spleen in SCD
	9.4 Pernicious Anemia
	9.5 Hemophilia
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	9.6 Lymphomas
		Cotswolds Staging of Lymphoma
		Criteria for Therapy Response Assessment
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	9.7 Leukemia
		Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
		Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
	9.8 Multiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease)
	9.9 Amyloidosis
		Classification of Amyloidosis (Clinical Based Classification)
		Localized Amyloidosis
	9.10 Evans’ Syndrome
	9.11 Other Lymphatic Disorders
		Castleman’s Disease (Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia)
		Kikuchi–Fujimoto Disease (Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis)
		Kimura’s Disease
	9.12 Mastocytosis
	9.13 Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia
	9.14 Autosplenectomy
	9.15 Splenomegaly
	Further Reading
		Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis
		β-Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s Anemia)
		Sickle Cell Disease
		Pernicious Anemia
		Hemophilia
		Lymphomas
		Leukemia
		Multiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease)
		Amyloidosis
		Evans’ Syndrome
		Other Lymphatic Disorders
		Mastocytosis
		Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia
		Autosplenectomy
		Splenomegaly
10: Diabetology
	10.1 Diabetic Hand and Diabetic Foot
		Diabetic Angiopathy
		Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Osteopathy, and Infections
		Diabetic Myonecrosis
		Diabetic Skin Changes and Infections
		The Role of Doppler Sonography in DM
		Spectral Flow Abnormalities on Doppler Scan of the Lower Limbs
		The Role of MRI in DM
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	10.2 Diabetic Brain and Nervous System
	10.3 Diabetic Syndromes
		Alström Syndrome
		Ophthalmologic Clinical Findings
		Auditory Clinical Findings
		Metabolic and General Clinical Findings
		Renal Clinical Findings
		Dermatological Clinical Findings
		Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
		Leprechaunism (Donohue Syndrome)
		Prader–Willi Syndrome
		Wolcott–Rallison Syndrome
		Wolfram Syndrome (DIDMOAD)
		Ophthalmologic Clinical Findings
		Auditory Clinical Findings
		Metabolic and General Clinical Findings
		Renal Clinical Findings
		Neurological Clinical Findings
		Rabson–Mendenhall Syndrome
		Metabolic and General Clinical Findings
		Renal Clinical Findings
		Dermatological Clinical Findings
	10.4 Diabetes Insipidus
	10.5 Obesity, Gastric Banding, and Liposuction
		Hormonal Obesity
		Syndromic/Pathologic Obesity
		Drug-Induced Obesity
		Evaluation of Fat Within the Body
		Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by US
		Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by CT and MRI
		Gastric Banding
		Liposuction
	10.6 Lipoatrophic-Lipodystrophic Syndromes
		Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (Seip–Berardinelli Syndrome)
		Familial Partial Lipodystrophy (Dunnigan–Kobberling Syndrome)
		Mandibuloacral Dysplasia
		Acquired Generalized Lipoatrophy (Lawrence–Seip Syndrome)
		Acquired Partial Lipoatrophy (Barraquer–Simons Syndrome)
		Parry–Romberg Syndrome (Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy)
	10.7 Diabetic Nephropathy
		Diabetic Nephropathy
		Renal Papillary Necrosis
		Diabetic Cystopathy (Neurogenic Bladder)
		Calcification of the Vas Deferens
		Emphysematous Cystitis
		Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
		Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
	10.8 Lipomatosis
		Intestinal Lipomatosis
		Pelvic Lipomatosis
		Epidural Lipomatosis
		Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis Syndrome (Haberland Syndrome)
		Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interatrial Septum
	10.9 Hypoglycemia
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	Further Reading
		Diabetic Hand and Diabetic Foot
		Diabetic Brain and Nervous System
		Diabetic Syndromes
		Diabetes Insipidus
		Obesity, Gastric Banding, and Liposuction
		Lipoatrophic-Lipodystrophic Syndromes
		Diabetic Nephropathy
		Lipomatosis
		Hypoglycemia
11: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine
	11.1 Fever
	11.2 Giardiasis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	11.3 Amebiasis
		Intestinal Amebiasis
		Hepatic Amebiasis
			Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Thoracic Amebiasis
		Brain Amebiasis
	11.4 Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
		Skin Involvement
		Nerve Involvement
		Eye Involvement
		Mucosal Involvement
		Bone Involvement
		Post-therapy Leprosy
	11.5 Toxoplasmosis
	11.6 Brucellosis (Malta Fever)
	11.7 Neurocysticercosis
	11.8 Ascariasis
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	11.9 Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis)
	11.10 Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcosis)
		Echinococcus granulosus Disease
		Grading of the Liver Lesions by E. granulosus
			Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Echinococcus alveolaris Disease
	11.11 Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosoma)
		Acute Chagas’ Disease
			ECG Abnormalities
		Sub-acute Chagas’ Disease
		Latent Chagas’ Disease
		Chronic Chagas’ Disease
	11.12 Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)
		Schistosoma Life Cycle
		Schistosomiasis by S. japonicum
		Schistosomiasis by S. mansoni
		Schistosomiasis by S. haematobium
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	11.13 Tuberculosis
		Pulmonary TB
		Pleural TB
		Miliary TB
		Abdominal TB
			Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Hepatic TB
		Central Nervous System TB
		Genitourinary TB
		Musculoskeletal TB
			Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
		Dermatological TB
	11.14 Typhoid Fever (Salmonellosis)
	11.15 Malaria
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
	11.16 Animal Bites and Stings
		Rabies
		Viper Bite
			Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Hymenoptera Stings
	11.17 Filariasis
	11.18 Most Common Infections Causing Human Filariasis
	11.19 Fever of Unknown Origin
	11.20 Aspergillosis
	Further Reading
		Fever
		Giardiasis
		Amebiasis
		Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
		Toxoplasmosis
		Brucellosis (Malta Fever)
		Neurocysticercosis
		Ascariasis
		Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis)
		Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcosis)
		Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosoma)
		Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)
		Tuberculosis
		Typhoid Fever (Salmonellosis)
		Malaria
		Filariasis
		Most Common Infections Causing Human Filariasis
		Fever of Unknown Origin
		Aspergillosis
12: Occupational Medicine and Toxicology
	12.1 Medications Toxicity
		Antibiotics
		Metformin (Glucophage, Oral Hypoglycemics)
		Methotrexate
		Hypervitaminosis A
		Anticonvulsants
		Amiodarone Toxicity
		Cyclosporine A
		Glucocorticoids
		Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media
	12.2 Drugs of Abuse
		Cocaine and Heroin (Opioids)
			Cocaine Effect on Different Body Systems
		Alcohol
		Toluene Toxicity
		Methanol Toxicity
		Amphetamines Abuse
		Marijuana
		Butane Poisoning
	12.3 Gases, Inorganic, and Chemical Poisoning
		Arsenic Poisoning
		Mercury Poisoning
		Chronic Beryllium Disease (Berylliosis)
		Pneumoconiosis
		Insecticides and Rodenticides Poisoning
		Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
		Manganese Poisoning
		Thallium Poisoning (Thallotoxicosis)
		Methyl Bromide Poisoning
		Tattoos
	12.4 Botanical, Environmental, and Organic Poisoning
		Hypersensitivity Lung Diseases (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
		Cyanide Poisoning
		Botulism
			Types of Botulism
	12.5 Drug-Induced Radiological Changes
	Further Reading
		Medications Toxicity
		Drugs of Abuse
		Gases, Inorganic, and Chemical Poisoning
		Botanical, Environmental, and Organic Poisoning
		Drug-Induced Radiological Changes
13: Chiropractic Medicine
	13.1 The Human Fascia
	13.2 Vertebral Malalignment (Subluxation) Syndromes
		Anatomy
		Somatovisceral Malalignment Symptoms
		Imaging Signs
	13.3 Facet Joint Syndrome
		Basic Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.4 Myofascial Pain Syndrome
		Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Some Known Symptomatology of Myofascial Trigger Points Origin
		Imaging of a Case Study
	13.5 Spinal Transitional Zone Syndromes
		Basic Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Cervico-Occipital Transitional Zone Syndrome
		Cervicothoracic Transitional Zone Syndrome
		Thoracolumbar Transitional Zone Syndrome
		Imaging Signs
			Lumbosacral Transitional Zone Syndrome
		Imaging Signs
	13.6 The Dentate Ligament-Cord Distortion Phenomenon
		Imaging Signs
	13.7 Cervicogenic Headache
		Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.8 Cervicogenic Vertigo and Tinnitus
		Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.9 Whiplash-Associated Disorder
		Basic Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.10 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
		Basic Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.11 Upper and Lower Crossed Syndromes
		Imaging Signs
	13.12 Lumbago
		Imaging Signs
	13.13 Shin Splint Syndrome
		Imaging Signs
	13.14 Cuboid Syndrome
		Imaging Signs
	13.15 Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis
		Imaging Signs
	13.16 Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
		Basic Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.17 Psoas Syndrome
		Basic Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.18 Piriformis Muscle Syndrome
		Basic Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Imaging Signs
	13.19 Coccydynia
		Anatomy
		Pathophysiology
		Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
		Imaging Signs
	Further Reading
		The Human Fascia
		Vertebral Malalignment (Subluxation) Syndromes
		Facet Joint Syndrome
		Myofascial Pain Syndrome
		Spinal Transitional Zone Syndromes
		The Dentate Ligament-Cord Distortion Phenomenon
		Cervicogenic Headache
		Cervicogenic Vertigo and Tinnitus
		Whiplash-Associated Disorder
		Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
		Upper and Lower Crossed Syndromes
		Lumbago
		Shin Splint Syndrome
		Cuboid Syndrome
		Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis
		Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
		Psoas Syndrome
		Piriformis Muscle Syndrome
		Coccydynia
14: Energy Medicine
	14.1 Microcurrent Therapy
		Basic Electrical Healing Physiology
		Microcurrent Therapy Benefits
		Microcurrent Therapy Healing Mechanisms
		Microcurrent Healing Cases
	14.2 Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
		Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs)
		Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) and Body Metabolism
		PEMF Therapy Healing Cases
	14.3 Phototherapy
	Further Reading
		Microcurrent Therapy
		Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
		Phototherapy
15: Autonomic Medicine
	15.1 The Sympathetic Nervous System
	15.2 The Parasympathetic Nervous System
	15.3 The Enteric Nervous System
	15.4 The Polyvagal Theory
	15.5 Glénard’s Disease (Visceroptosis)
	15.6 Serotonin Syndrome
	15.7 NMDA Excitotoxicity
	15.8 Horner’s Syndrome
		Differential Diagnoses
	15.9 The Ileocecal Valve Syndrome
	15.10 Pudendal Neuralgia
	15.11 Pterygopalatine Neuralgia
	15.12 Carotidynia
	15.13 Medulla Oblongata Vascular Compression Syndrome
	15.14 Hiccup
	15.15 Perineural Spread of Diseases
	Further Reading
		The Sympathetic Nervous System
		The Parasympathetic Nervous System
		The Enteric Nervous System
		The Polyvagal Theory
		Glénard’s Disease (Visceroptosis)
		Serotonin Syndrome
		NMDA Excitotoxicity
		Horner’s Syndrome
		The Ileocecal Valve Syndrome
		Pudendal Neuralgia
		Pterygopalatine Neuralgia
		Carotidynia
		Medulla Oblongata Vascular Compression Syndrome
		Hiccup
		Perineural Spread of Diseases
16: Psychosomatic Medicine
	16.1 The Limbic System
	16.2 Thalamic Syndromes
	16.3 Hypothalamic Syndromes
	16.4 The Amygdala Syndrome
	16.5 Septal Rage Syndrome
	16.6 The Frontal Lobe Syndrome
	16.7 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
	16.8 Dream Disorders
	16.9 Pinealoprive Syndrome
	Further Reading
		The Limbic System
		Thalamic Syndromes
		Hypothalamic Syndromes
		The Amygdala Syndrome
		Septal Rage Syndrome
		The Frontal Lobe Syndrome
		REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
		Dream Disorders
		Pinealoprive Syndrome
17: Forensic Medicine
	17.1 Thanatology
		Postmortem Changes
		Postmortem CT (Virtopsy) Protocol
			PMCT Report Checklist
	17.2 Ballistic Injuries
		Mechanism of Tissue Injury in Ballistics
	17.3 Child Abuse
		Battered Child Syndrome (Skeletal Child Abuse)
			Skeletal Survey for Child Abuse
			Differential Diagnosis of Child Abuse Skeletal Findings
		Shaken Baby Syndrome
		Abdominal Injuries
	Further Reading
		Thanatology
		Ballistic Injuries
		Child Abuse
Index