Integrative Approaches in Environmental Health and Exposome Research: Epistemological and Practical Issues

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Airs, Waters, Places… and the Exposome: Steps Toward an Integrative Health
	References
Articulating the Social and the Biological
The Turn Towards ‘The Biosocial’ in Epigenetics: Ontological, Epistemic and Socio-Political Considerations
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosocial Ontologies of the Living
	3 Biosocial as Qualifier of Epistemic Practices
	4 Biosocial as an Attribute of Socio-Political Strategies of Intervention
	5 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Socio-Markers and Information Transmission
	1 Bio-Markers and the Molecular Turn in the Health Sciences
	2 The Concept of Socio-Marker
		2.1 Social Factors as Proximate Causes
		2.2 Social Determinants vs Socio-Markers
	3 How to Trace Information Transmission with Bio- and Socio-Markers
		3.1 Causal Production in the Processes of Health and Disease
		3.2 The Concept of Information Transmission
	4 Using Bio- and Socio-Markers
	5 Conclusion
	References
What’s Wrong with the Biologization of Social Inequalities in Health? A History of Social Epidemiology and Its Moral Economy of Objectivity
	1 Introduction
	2 Walter Cannon and the Social Etiology of Disease
	3 René Dubos: Stress and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
	4 John Cassel: Incarnating the Emotional Revolt Against Diseases
	5 From Syme to Marmot: The Britannicization and the Internationalization of Social Epidemiology
	6 Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer: From Allostasis to Allostatic Overload
	7 Discussion: Biologizing Social Inequalities in Health as a Specific Moral Economy of Objectivity
	8 Conclusion
	References
Integration in Environmental Health and Exposome Research: Epistemological Issues
Which Integration for Health? Comparing Integrative Approaches for Epidemiology
	1 Introduction
	2 The Many Faces of Integration: Why Data Integration Matters
	3 The Exposome: Integrating Molecular and Environmental Data
	4 Planetary Health: Integrating Diverse Environmental Data
	5 Global Health: Integrating Diverse Health Data
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Critical Assessment of Exposures Integration in Exposome Research
	1 Introduction
	2 Context and Promises of the Exposome
		2.1 Limits of the Traditional Approaches to Environmental Exposures
		2.2 Diverse Definitions of the Exposome
		2.3 A Common Core
		2.4 What is Really New
	3 The Expos-omic: The Centrality of the Internal Exposome
		3.1 A Specific View of Precision: Centrality of the Omics Approach
		3.2 Primarily “Expos-omic” Studies
		3.3 Criticisms of the Reductionism of Expos-omic Research
	4 What About the Most Integrative Perspectives?
		4.1 Towards a More Integrative Perspective on Disease Aetiology
		4.2 The Lifepath Project (2015–2019)
		4.3 Sociomarker and Mixed Mechanisms
		4.4 Critical Analysis and Some Thoughts on Bio-Social Integration
			4.4.1 Strong but Narrow Integration
			4.4.2 A Specific Concept of Causation
			4.4.3 A Specific Conception of Causal Inference and of Evidence
			4.4.4 Place of the Social Sciences
			4.4.5 Which “Embodiment” Are We Talking About?
			4.4.6 Integration or Unification?
	5 Conclusion
	References
From Exposome to Pathogenic Niche. Looking for an Operational Account of the Environment in Health Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Thinking About the Environment Through the Concept of Exposome
		2.1 The Concept of “Exposome”
		2.2 Exposome = environment?
		2.3 What is the Environment in Exposomics?
	3 Conceptual Shortcomings of the Environment as Exposome
		3.1 Environment in Exposomics: A Wide and All-Encompassing Concept
		3.2 The Disappearance of the Organism and the Environment of the Genome
	4 Conceiving the Pathogenic Environment with the Tools of Philosophy of Biology
		4.1 The Environment in Philosophy of Biology
		4.2 Towards a Concept of “Pathogenic Niche”?
		4.3 The Concept of Pathogenic Niche in the Wake of Ecological Approaches in Public Health and in Epidemiology
		4.4 The Obesogenic Environment as a Pathogenic Niche
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Case of Exposome Research: Practical and Disciplinary Issues
Place of Integrative Approaches in the Study of Spatial Dimension of Health Outcomes
	1 The Progressive Exploration of Spatial Determinants of Health
		1.1 From Early Spatial Analysis to the New Geography of Health
		1.2 Place as the Proxy of Missing Social Information at the Individual Level
		1.3 Multilevel Studies and the Broad Exploration of Contextual Determinants of Health
	2 Integrative Approaches and Methods for the Analysis of Spatial Inequalities in Health
		2.1 Measurement and Interpretation of Spatial Inequalities in Health
		2.2 Spatial Inequalities in Health as the Result of a Holistic Process
		2.3 Integrative Tools Supported by the Analysis of Spatial Inequalities in Health
	3 Exploring Health and Place Through the Exposome: Opportunities, Knowledge and Challenges
		3.1 What About the Integration of Spatial Data in Exposomic Studies?
		3.2 Novelties and Challenges of the Exposomic Approach for the Study of Spatial Dimension of Health Outcomes
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Exposome and the Social Sciences: The Case of Systemic Diseases
	1 Introduction: The Post-Genomic Historical Moment
		1.1 About the Complex Aetiology of Disease
		1.2 The Social Sciences at the Door of the Exposome?
	2 How Much Pluralistic and Cooperative Are Current Collaborations Between the Exposome and the Social Sciences?
		2.1 Supplementing and Questioning the Exposome Framing Through the Lens of Social Inequalities in Health
		2.2 Biosocial Approaches Based on the Notion of Embodiment: The LIFEPATH Project
	3 Systemic Diseases as a Fruitful Fieldwork to Bridge the Gap Between the Exposome and the Social Sciences
		3.1 Starting from Empirical Fieldworks
		3.2 The Complexity of Systemic Diseases Brings Together Issues of Primary Importance to Exposomers and Social Scientists
	4 Interdisciplinary Research on Systemic Diseases: What is at Stake?
		4.1 Facing the Intriguing Diversity of Phenotypes: Crossing Tools of Inquiry, Comparing Fieldworks
		4.2 Addressing Causality by Putting Systemic Diseases in Historical Perspective
		4.3 Addressing the Very Consistency of Systemic Diseases’ Nosology
	5 Conclusion: Leveraging the Case of Systemic Diseases “of Unknown Aetiology”
	References
The Exposome Research Program and Nutrition: The Example of Celiac Disease
	1 The Exposome Concept
	2 Exposome as a Tool to Study the Increased Onset of Autoimmune Diseases
	3 Exposome as a Tool to Study the Gut Microbiome Composition
	4 Conclusions
	References
Index