Integrated Environmental Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Sustainable Development

Front cover
	Half title
	Title
	Copyright
	Dedication
	Contents
	Contributors
	About the editors
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Integration of photocatalytic and biological processes for treatment of complex effluent: Recent developments, trends, and advances
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biological treatment of organic contaminants
		1.2.1 Activated sludge process
		1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
		1.2.3 Trickling bed filter/bioreactor
		1.2.4 Membrane bioreactor
		1.2.5 Moving bed biofilm reactor
	1.3 Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants
	1.4 Need for integrated process for treatment of complex effluent
	1.5 Combined photocatalysis and biological process
		1.5.1 Photocatalysis as pretreatment
		1.5.2 Photocatalysis as post-treatment
		1.5.3 Multistep processes
	1.6 Mineralization and toxicity reduction
	1.7 Pilot-scale integrated process
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) technology for nitrogen removal from wastewater: Recent advances and challenges
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Microbiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)
	2.3 Techniques for enrichment of anammox
		2.3.1 Anammox enrichment in batch experiments
		2.3.2 Anammox enrichment in bioreactor systems
		2.3.3 Sequencing batch reactor(SBR)
		2.3.4 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor
		2.3.5 Upflow biofilter(UBF)
	2.4 Molecular methods for identification of anammox
		2.4.1 Polymerase chain reaction followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis \(PCR-DGGE\)
		2.4.2 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)
		2.4.3 Fluorescent in situ hybridization
		2.4.4 Real-time polymerase chain reaction
	2.5 Preservation of anammox
	2.6 Carriers and their effects on anammox
	2.7 Application of anammox in wastewater treatment
	2.8 Factors affecting treatment performance of anammox
		2.8.1 pH
		2.8.2 Temperature
		2.8.3 Effect of substrate concentration
		2.8.4 Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration
		2.8.5 Organic matter
		2.8.6 Sludge retention time
	2.9 Integration of anammox into other remediation technologies for effective wastewater treatment
	2.10 Challenges and future prospects for anammox research
	2.11 Conclusion and recommendations
	References
Chapter 3 Integrated process technology for recycling and re-use of industrial and municipal wastewater: A review
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Wastewater treatment technologies
		3.2.1 Differences between industrial and municipal wastewater
		3.2.2 Classes of treatment processes
	3.3 Integrated processes: examples and benefits
	3.4 The future of water reuse opportunities
		3.4.1 Potable usage
		3.4.2 Nonpotable usage
	3.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Integrated production of biodiesel and industrial wastewater treatment by culturing oleaginous microorganisms
	4.1 Alternative energy sources: biodiesel
		4.1.1 Oleaginous microorganisms
		4.1.2 Lipogenesis in oleaginous microorganisms and more important aspects of lipid accumulation
	4.2 Substrates for SCO production by oleaginous microorganisms
		4.2.1 Low-cost substrates for SCO production
	4.3 Integrated strategies for simultaneous production of SCO and biological treatment of wastewaters by oleaginous microorganisms
		4.3.1 Wastewaters as substrates of oleaginous microorganisms
		4.3.2 Oleaginous microorganisms employed for simultaneous wastewater treatment and SCO production
		4.3.3 Industrial application of the wastewater treatment by oleaginous microorganisms: advantages, technology, strategies, problems, and perspectives
	4.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5 Nature-inspired ecotechnological approaches toward recycling and recovery of resources from wastewater
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Living technologies: borrowing ideas and inspiration from Mother Nature
	5.3 Genesis of the concept of “living machines”
	5.4 Trademark tenets of living technologies: ten commandments(wisdom) of Mother Nature mark the hallmarks
	5.5 Applications of living technologies: Mother Nature's Midas touch for transforming waste\(water\) into wealth
	5.6 Designing traits for trading natural wastewater treatment systems
	5.7 Tools of the trade
		5.7.1 Floral components: the solar-based photosynthetic foundations
		5.7.2 Faunal diversity
	5.8 Variants of living technological systems
		5.8.1 Floating treatment wetlands
		5.8.2 Integrated waste stabilization ponds train system
		5.8.3 Constructed wetlands: phytomicroremediation in Nature's image
		5.8.4 Hydroponics: soilless cultivation
	5.8.5 Wastewater-fed aquaculture: a win–win way to waste into wealth?
	5.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6 Integrated microbial desalination cell and microbial electrolysis cell for wastewater treatment, bioelectricity generation, and biofuel production: Success, experience, challenges, and future prospects
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Microbial electrolysis cells(MECs)
		6.2.1 MEC for wastewater treatment and hydrogen production
		6.2.2 Integration MEC with other systems
		6.2.3 MEC for the production of valuable products
	6.3 Microbial desalination cells(MDCs)
		6.3.1 Optimized MDC systems for wastewater treatment, salinity removal and power generation
		6.3.2 Integrated MDC systems
		6.3.3 MDC for the production of valuable products
	6.4 Challenges and limitations
		6.4.1 MEC challenges
		6.4.2 MDC challenges
	6.5. Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
Chapter 7 Hydroxyapatite for environmental remediation of water/wastewater
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Synthesis and properties of hydroxyapatite
		7.2.1 Synthesis techniques
		7.2.2 Properties of hydroxyapatite
	7.3 Hydroxyapatite as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment
		7.3.1 Common pollutants in wastewater
		7.3.2 Removal of pollutants
	7.4 Mechanisms involved
		7.4.1 Dissolution precipitation
		7.4.2 Ion exchange
		7.4.3 Physical adsorption
		7.4.4 Electrostatic interactions
	7.5 Recent trends in wastewater treatment with HAP
	7.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8 Algae coupled constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Constructed wetlands in wastewater system
		8.2.1 Classification
		8.2.2 Design parameters
		8.2.3 Removal efficiency
		8.2.4 Limitations with constructed wetlands in wastewater treatment
	8.3 Algae in wastewater treatment
		8.3.1 Cultivation system for algae-mediated wastewater treatment
		8.3.2 Limitation with algae-mediated wastewater treatment
	8.4 Algae coupled constructed wetland
		8.4.1 Removal of nutrients
		8.4.2 Removal of organics
		8.4.3 Removal of emerging contaminants
		8.4.4 Challenges with algae coupled constructed wetland
	8.5 Resource and energy recovery through algae coupled constructed wetland
	8.6 Real-world application of algae coupled constructed wetland: perspectives
	8.7 Conclusion and future prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9 Integrated CO2 sequestration, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production by microalgae culturing: Needs and limitations
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Integrated carbon sequestration and its sequestration technologies
		9.2.1 Integrated approach in wastewater treatment
		9.2.2 Limitations of carbon sequestration technologies
		9.2.3 Applications of integrated carbon sequestration technologies
	9.3 Microalgae-based biorefinery
		9.3.1 Biorefinery products
	9.4 Products obtained from biorefinery for biofuel industry
		9.4.1 Bioethanol
		9.4.2 Biodiesel
		9.4.3 Biomethane
		9.4.4 Biofertilizers
		9.4.5 Biohydrogen
	9.5 Applications of microalgal biomass
	9.6 Limitations of algal biomass products
	9.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Chapter 10 Physicochemical–biotechnological approaches forremoval of contaminants fromwastewater
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Water pollution
		10.2.1 Causes and nature of contamination
	10.3 Wastewater treatment - general scheme
	10.4 Physicochemical approaches for removal of contaminants from wastewater
		10.4.1 Screening and use of grit chambers
		10.4.2 Flotation
		10.4.3 Sedimentation
		10.4.4 Centrifugal separation
		10.4.5 Filtration
		10.4.6 Reverse osmosis(RO)
	10.5 Chemical approach
		10.5.1 Neutralization
		10.5.2 Precipitation
		10.5.3 Flocculation
		10.5.4 Redox reactions
		10.5.5 Adsorption with activated carbon
		10.5.6 Ozonation
		10.5.7 Disinfection
	10.6 Biotechnological approaches for removal of contaminants from wastewater
		10.6.1 Bioremediation
		10.6.2 Phytoremediation
		10.6.3 Mycoremediation
		10.6.4 Phycoremediation
		10.6.5 Nanobiotechnology
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11 Integrated biopolymer and bioenergy production from organic wastes: Recent advances and future outlook
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Structural and chemical characteristics of biopolymer and bioenergy
	11.3 Chemical insights into organic wastes
	11.4 Traditional technologies for bioenergy and biopolymer production through organic wastes
		11.4.1 Conventional incineration
		11.4.2 Hydrothermal incineration and oxidation
		11.4.3 Pyrolysis
		11.4.4 Liquefaction
		11.4.5 Gasification
		11.4.6 Transesterification
		11.4.7 Process intensification
		11.4.8 Anaerobic digestion or biomethanation
	11.5 Advanced biotechnology techniques(integrated systems)
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Integrated production of polyhydroxyalkonate(bioplastic) with municipal wastewater and sludge treatment for sus
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Enzymes, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkonate
	12.3 Overview of different substrate for PHA production
	12.4 Chemical environment and composition of wastewater sludge
	12.5 Production of PHA using pure and mixed microbial cultures
	12.6 Integration of polyhydroxyalkonate production process with wastewater treatment plant
	12.7 Growing impact and policies of PHA-based bioplastic in the world
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Wastewater treatment by oleaginous algae and biodiesel production: Prospects and challenges
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Contaminants in industrial wastewater
	13.3 Microalgae and industrial wastewater
		13.3.1 Microalgae and agro-industrial wastewater
		13.3.2 Microalgae and heavy metal wastewater
		13.3.3 Microalgae and textile dye wastewater
	13.4 Prospects of microalgae for biofuel production
		13.4.1 Advantages of utilizing microalgae for biodiesel production
		13.4.2 Lipids from microalgae
		13.4.3 Induction of neutral lipid production
		13.4.4 Extraction of oil from microalgae and its different techniques
	13.5 Conversion of algal oil to biodiesel
		13.5.1 Catalytic transesterification methods
	13.6 Biofuels and bioproducts acquired from biovolarization of algal biomass
		13.6.1 Biodiesel
		13.6.2 Biomethane
		13.6.3 Bioethanol
		13.6.4 Biochar
	13.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Integrating forward osmosis into microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Microbial fuel cell
		14.1.2 Forward osmosis
	14.2 Membrane transport theory
	14.3 Osmotic microbial fuel cells
		14.3.1 Operational and manufactural observations
		14.3.2 Applications
	14.4 Challenges and obstacles
		14.4.1 Reverse solute flux
		14.4.2 Cost and efficiency
		14.4.3 Membranes
	14.5 Previous studies on OsMFCs
	14.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15 Recent trends for treatment of environmental contaminants in wastewater: An integrated valorization of industrial wastewater
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Physicochemical removal of pollutants from wastewater generated by industries
		15.2.1 Removal of adsorption
		15.2.2 Removal by ion exchange
		15.2.3 Removing by nanotechnology
		15.2.4 Removal by electrocoagulation
		15.2.5 Removal by membrane processes
		15.2.6 Removal by chemical precipitation
		15.2.7 Removal by magnetic extraction
		15.2.8 Removal for biofiltration
	15.3 Biotechnological removal of pollutants from wastewater generated by industries
		15.3.1 Phytoremediation
		15.3.2 Bioaccumulation removal
		15.3.3 Biomineralization removal
		15.3.4 Biotransformation based removal
		15.3.5 Removal by bioadsorption
		15.3.6 Bacteria and fungus degradation
	15.4 Combined physicochemical-biotechnological strategies
	15.5 Drawbacks and future perspectives
	References
Chapter 16 Advancements in industrial wastewater treatment by integrated membrane technologies
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Fundamentals of MBR
		16.2.1 Membrane flux
		16.2.2 Membrane resistance
	16.3 Hybrid MBR for high-strength wastewater
	16.4 MBR for tannery wastewater treatment
	16.5 MBR for textile wastewater treatment
		16.5.1 Characterization of textile wastewaters
		16.5.2 Hybrid MBR for textile wastewater treatment
	16.6 MBR for pharmaceutical wastewater
	16.7 Membrane fouling
		16.7.1 Biofouling by extracellular polymeric substances \(EPS\) and soluble microbial products \(SMP\)
	16.8 Strategies to reduce membrane fouling
		16.8.1 Material configuration for fouling reduction
		16.8.2 Integration of treatment system for fouling reduction
	16.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17 Microbial electrochemical-based constructed wetland technology for wastewater treatment: Reality, challenges, and future prospects
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Integration of BES with CW \(CW-BES\)
		17.2.1 Fundamentals of BES
		17.2.2 Advantages of integrating BES with CW
		17.2.3 Design of CW-BES systems and requirements
	17.3 Wastewater treatment using CW-BES \(lab-, pilot-, and full-scale studies\)
	17.4 Challenges and limitations
	17.5 Future scope
	17.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Nanostructured materials for water/wastewater remediation
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Wastewater and their sources
	18.3 Nanomaterials for water remediation process
	18.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials
		18.4.1 Graphene-based nanomaterials
		18.4.2 Carbon nanotubes
	18.5 Metal and metal oxides nanoparticles
		18.5.1 Silver nanoparticles
		18.5.2 Nano zerovalent Fe particles
		18.5.3 Nano-TiO2 particles
		18.5.4 Magnetic nanoparticles
	18.6 Nanocomposite and nanofibers membrane
		18.6.1 Self-assembling membranes
		18.6.2 Clay-based nanoadsorbents
	18.7 Conclusion and future aspects
	References
Chapter 19 Integrated technologies for wastewater treatment
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Current situation of wastewater treatment and management
	19.3 New concepts and technologies for wastewater treatment
		19.3.1 Wastewater treatment using activated carbon
		19.3.2 Wastewater treatment using nanoparticles
		19.3.3 Carbon nanotubes and wastewater cleansing
		19.3.4 Microbial fuel cells
	19.4 Advanced integrated technologies for wastewater treatment
	19.5 Potential benefits of integrated technologies used in wastewater treatment
	19.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 20 Integrated anaerobic-aerobic processes for treatment of high strength wastewater: Consolidated application, new trends, perspectives, and challenges
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Integrated anaerobic and aerobic treatment of high strength wastewater
		20.2.1 Consolidated application
		20.2.2 New trends, perspectives, and challenges
	20.3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 21 Integrated biomedical waste degradation and detoxification
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Sources of biomedical waste
		21.2.1 Medical waste types
		21.2.2 Biomedical waste segregation/sorting
		21.2.3 Detoxification of waste
	21.3 Disposal strategies
	21.4 Strategies and mechanism of degradation
		21.4.1 Thermochemical methods
		21.4.2 Biochemical methods
	21.5 Constraints
	21.6 Future scope
	21.7 Some advanced approaches to treat medical waste
	21.8 Conclusion and prospects
	References
Chapter 22 Role of algal-bacterial association in combined wastewater treatment and biohydrogen generation: An overview on its challenges and future
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Unscientific discharge of effluents: A serious environmental issue
		22.2.1 Composition of different effluents
		22.2.2 Probable solutions from water pollution
	22.3 Potential role of microorganisms in remediation of wastewater
		22.3.1 Role of bacteria in treating wastewater
		22.3.2 Role of microalgae in treating waste water
		22.3.3 Microalgae-bacterial consortia in treating wastewater
	22.4 Alternative use of microalgae-bacteria consortia
		22.4.1 Biohydrogen: An alternative bioenergy
		22.4.2 Potential drawbacks in biohydrogen production by microalgae-bacteria consortia
	22.5 Comparative analysis of biohydrogen over conventional fuels
	22.6 Future aspect of biohydrogen production from microalgae-bacteria consortia
	Reference
Chapter 23 Cyanobacteria mediated toxic metal removal as complementary and alternative wastewater treatment strategy
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Metal toxicity
	23.3 Cyanobacteria mediated metal removal
		23.3.1 Antimony
		23.3.2 Arsenic
		23.3.3 Cadmium
		23.3.4 Chromium
		23.3.5 Copper
		23.3.6 Lead
		23.3.7 Selenium
	23.4 Mechanism
	23.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
	Reference
Index
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