Inquiry into life

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
About the Authors......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Brief Contents......Page 12
Contents......Page 13
chapter 1 The Study of Life......Page 18
 1.1 The Characteristics of Life......Page 19
 1.2 The Classification of Organisms......Page 23
 1.3 The Process of Science......Page 25
 1.4 Challenges Facing Science......Page 30
 chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells......Page 34
  2.1 Basic Chemistry......Page 35
  2.2 Molecules and Compounds......Page 39
  2.3 Chemistry of Water......Page 42
  2.4 Organic Molecules......Page 45
  2.5 Carbohydrates......Page 47
  2.6 Lipids......Page 50
  2.7 Proteins......Page 52
  2.8 Nucleic Acids......Page 55
 chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function......Page 60
  3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization......Page 61
  3.2 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 63
  3.3 Eukaryotic Cells......Page 65
  3.4 The Cytoskeleton......Page 73
  3.5 Origin and Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell......Page 75
 chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function......Page 80
  4.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function......Page 81
  4.2 The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane......Page 83
  4.3 Modifications of Cell Surfaces......Page 91
 chapter 5 Cell Division......Page 96
  5.1 The Cell Cycle......Page 97
  5.2 Control of the Cell Cycle......Page 98
  5.3 Mitosis: Maintaining the Chromosome Number......Page 101
  5.4 Meiosis: Reducing the Chromosome Number......Page 105
  5.5 Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis......Page 109
  5.6 The Human Life Cycle......Page 111
 chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes......Page 116
  6.1 Life and the Flow of Energy......Page 117
  6.2 Energy Transformations and Metabolism......Page 119
  6.3 Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways......Page 120
  6.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Metabolism......Page 125
 chapter 7 Cellular Respiration......Page 130
  7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration......Page 131
  7.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis......Page 133
  7.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation......Page 135
  7.4 Inside the Mitochondria......Page 136
 chapter 8 Photosynthesis......Page 144
  8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis......Page 145
  8.2 Plants as Solar Energy Converters......Page 148
  8.3 Plants as Carbon Dioxide Fixers......Page 151
  8.4 Alternative Pathways for Photosynthesis......Page 154
  8.5 Photosynthesis Versus Cellular Respiration......Page 156
 chapter 9 Plant Organization and Function......Page 160
  9.1 Cells and Tissues of Plants......Page 161
  9.2 Plants Organs and Systems......Page 164
  9.3 Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants......Page 166
  9.4 Organization of Roots......Page 167
  9.5 Organization of Stems......Page 170
  9.6 Organization of Leaves......Page 176
  9.7 Uptake and Transport of Nutrients......Page 178
 chapter 10 Plant Reproduction and Responses......Page 186
  10.1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants......Page 187
  10.2 Growth and Development......Page 192
  10.3 Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering in Plants......Page 195
  10.4 Control of Growth and Responses......Page 200
 chapter 11 Human Organization......Page 207
  11.1 Types of Tissues......Page 208
  11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes......Page 214
  11.3 Organ Systems......Page 215
  11.4 Integumentary System......Page 217
  11.5 Homeostasis......Page 221
 chapter 12 Cardiovascular System......Page 227
  12.1 The Blood Vessels......Page 228
  12.2 Blood......Page 229
  12.3 The Human Heart......Page 235
  12.4 Two Cardiovascular Pathways......Page 239
  12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders......Page 242
 chapter 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems......Page 249
  13.1 The Lymphatic System......Page 250
  13.2 Innate Immunity......Page 252
  13.3 Adaptive Immunity......Page 254
  13.4 Active Versus Passive Immunity......Page 258
  13.5 Adverse Effects of Immune Responses......Page 262
  13.6 Disorders of the Immune System......Page 265
 chapter 14 Digestive System and Nutrition......Page 270
  14.1 The Digestive Tract......Page 271
  14.2 Accessory Organs of Digestion......Page 277
  14.3 Digestive Enzymes......Page 279
  14.4 Human Nutrition......Page 280
  14.5 Eating Disorders......Page 289
  14.6 Disorders of the Digestive System......Page 290
 chapter 15 Respiratory System......Page 296
  15.1 The Respiratory System......Page 297
  15.2 Mechanism of Breathing......Page 300
  15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body......Page 303
  15.4 Disorders of the Respiratory System......Page 306
 chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion......Page 315
  16.1 The Urinary System......Page 316
  16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion......Page 318
  16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys......Page 321
  16.4 Disorders of the Urinary System......Page 324
 chapter 17 Nervous System......Page 330
  17.1 Nervous Tissue......Page 331
  17.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses......Page 332
  17.3 The Central Nervous System......Page 336
  17.4 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions......Page 341
  17.5 The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 344
  17.6 Drug Abuse......Page 348
  17.7 Disorders of the Nervous System......Page 351
 chapter 18 Senses......Page 358
  18.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations......Page 359
  18.2 Somatic Senses......Page 360
  18.3 Senses of Taste and Smell......Page 362
  18.4 Sense of Vision......Page 364
  18.5 Sense of Hearing......Page 368
  18.6 Sense of Equilibrium......Page 370
  18.7 Disorders that Affect the Senses......Page 371
 chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System......Page 379
  19.1 Overview of Bone and Cartilage......Page 380
  19.2 Bones of the Skeleton......Page 383
  19.3 Skeletal Muscles......Page 392
  19.4 Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Contraction......Page 394
  19.5 Whole Muscle Contraction......Page 400
  19.6 Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System......Page 402
 chapter 20 Endocrine System......Page 408
  20.1 Overview of the Endocrine System......Page 409
  20.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 412
  20.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands......Page 415
  20.4 Adrenal Glands......Page 416
  20.5 Pancreas......Page 418
  20.6 Other Endocrine Glands......Page 419
  20.7 Disorders of the Endocrine System......Page 420
 chapter 21 Reproductive System......Page 429
  21.1 Male Reproductive System......Page 430
  21.2 Female Reproductive System......Page 433
  21.3 Ovarian and Uterine Cycles......Page 435
  21.4 Control of Reproduction......Page 439
  21.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 441
  21.6 Reproductive Disorders and Assisted Reproductive Technologies......Page 449
 chapter 22 Development and Aging......Page 457
  22.1 Fertilization and Early Stages of Development......Page 458
  22.2 Processes of Development......Page 461
  22.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development......Page 465
  22.4 Human Pregnancy, Birth, and Lactation......Page 470
  22.5 Aging......Page 474
 chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance......Page 481
  23.1 Mendel's Laws......Page 482
  23.2 Pedigree Analysis and Genetic Disorders......Page 489
  23.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns......Page 492
  23.4 Environmental Influences......Page 495
 chapter 24 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance......Page 499
  24.1 Gene Linkage......Page 500
  24.2 Sex-Linked Inheritance......Page 501
  24.3 Changes in Chromosome Number......Page 504
  24.4 Changes in Chromosome Structure......Page 508
 chapter 25 DNA Structure and Gene Expression......Page 513
  25.1 DNA Structure......Page 514
  25.2 DNA Replication......Page 518
  25.3 Gene Expression......Page 519
  25.4 Control of Gene Expression......Page 525
  25.5 Gene Mutations and Cancer......Page 528
 chapter 26 Biotechnology and Genomics......Page 536
  26.1 DNA Technology......Page 537
  26.2 Biotechnology Products......Page 541
  26.3 Gene Therapy......Page 544
  26.4 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics......Page 547
 chapter 27 Evolution of Life......Page 552
  27.1 Theory of Evolution......Page 553
  27.2 Evidence of Evolution......Page 556
  27.3 Microevolution......Page 562
  27.4 Processes of Evolution......Page 565
  27.5 Macroevolution and Speciation......Page 572
  27.6 Systematics......Page 574
 chapter 28 Microbiology......Page 580
  28.1 The Microbial World......Page 581
  28.2 Origin of Microbial Life......Page 582
  28.3 Archaea......Page 586
  28.4 Bacteria......Page 588
  28.5 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions......Page 594
 chapter 29 Protists and Fungi......Page 601
  29.1 Protists......Page 602
  29.2 Fungi......Page 612
 chapter 30 Plants......Page 623
  30.1 Evolutionary History of Plants......Page 624
  30.2 Nonvascular Plants......Page 627
  30.3 Seedless Vascular Plants......Page 628
  30.4 Seed Plants......Page 632
 chapter 31 Animals: The Invertebrates......Page 641
  31.1 Evolutionary Trends Among Animals......Page 642
  31.2 The Simplest Invertebrates......Page 646
  31.3 The Lophotrochozoa......Page 649
  31.4 The Ecdysozoa......Page 657
  31.5 Invertebrate Deuterostomes......Page 664
 chapter 32 Animals: Chordates and Vertebrates......Page 669
  32.1 Chordates......Page 670
  32.2 Vertebrates: Fish and Amphibians......Page 672
  32.3 Vertebrates: Reptiles and Mammals......Page 676
  32.4 Evolution of the Hominins......Page 681
  32.5 Evolution of Modern Humans......Page 685
 chapter 33 Behavioral Ecology......Page 690
  33.1 Nature Versus Nurture: Genetic Influences......Page 691
  33.2 Nature Versus Nurture: Environmental Influences......Page 692
  33.3 Animal Communication......Page 695
  33.4 Behaviors That Affect Fitness......Page 699
 chapter 34 Population and Community Ecology......Page 707
  34.1 The Scope of Ecology......Page 708
  34.2 Patterns of Population Growth......Page 709
  34.3 Interactions Between Populations......Page 712
  34.4 Ecological Succession......Page 719
 chapter 35 Nature of Ecosystems......Page 723
  35.1 The Biotic Components of Ecosystems......Page 724
  35.2 Energy Flow......Page 725
  35.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 727
 chapter 36 Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere......Page 739
  36.1 Climate and the Biosphere......Page 740
  36.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 741
  36.3 Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 749
 chapter 37 Conservation Biology......Page 760
  37.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity......Page 761
  37.2 Value of Biodiversity......Page 763
  37.3 Threats to Biodiversity......Page 766
  37.4 Habitat Conservation and Restoration......Page 771
  37.5 Working Toward a Sustainable Society......Page 774
 Appendix A Answer Key......Page 782
 Appendix B Metric System and The Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 797
 Glossary......Page 800
 Index......Page 824