Indian Administration

Cover
Contents
List of Tables
Preface
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Public Administration in India
	Ancient Indian Administration
		The Vedic Period
		The Post-Vedic Period
		Administrative Structures
	Medieval Administration
		Rajput Period Administration
		Sultanate Period Administration
		Mughal Period Administration
	British Period Administration
		Portfolio System
		Introduction of Local Self-Government
		Administrative Reforms of 1919
		Administrative Reforms of 1935
	Legacies of the British Administration
	Notes
Chapter 2: Constitution and Administration
	Constitutional Safeguards for Public Servants
	Reservation and Administration
	Constitutional Amendments and Administration
	Federal System and Administration
	Parliamentary Democracy and Administration
	Generalist Administration and Developmental Orientation
	Autonomous Bodies and Administration
Chapter 3: Parliamentary Democracy
	Introduction
		Characteristics of the Parliamentary Form of Government
		Constitutional or Nominal and Real Executive
		Plural Executive
		Ministerial Responsibility and Collective Responsibility
		Parliamentary Sovereignty
		Parliamentary Control Over Administration
	Indian Federalism: Nature And Problems
		Written Constitution
		Supremacy of the Constitution
		Rigid Constitution
		Division of Powers
		Independent Judiciary
		Bicameral Legislature
		Unitary Features of the Indian Constitution
		A Strong Centre
		Single Citizenship
		Single Constitution for Union and State
		Centre Can Change the Name and Boundaries of States
		Single Unified Judiciary
		Unequal Representation of States In the Rajya Sabha
		Common All-India Services
		Emergency Provisions
	Conclusion
	Notes
Chapter 4: Political Executive at the Union Level
	The President of India
		Power of the President
		Criticism of Emergency Powers
		Position of the President
		The Supreme Court and the President
		Steps to Curb President’S Power—Amendment of Article 74
		Working of the Constitution
	Conclusions
		Some Basic Issues
	Vice-President
		Functions
	Notes
Chapter 5: The Prime Minister
	The Prime Minister
		Appointment of the Prime Minister
		The Prime Minister As the Head of the Council of Ministers
		The Prime Minister and the Parliament
		The Prime Minister and His Party
		The Prime Minister and the People
		The Link Between the President and Cabinet
		Spokesman of the Government On Foreign Policy
		The Prime Minister’S Control Over Intelligence Agencies
		Administrative and Executive Functions of the Prime Minister
		Position of the Prime Minister
	Prime Minister’S Secretariat/Office (Pmo)
		Functions of the Prime Minister’S Secretariat/Office
		The Evolution of the Prime Minister’S Secretariat/Office
		The Role of the Pmo
	Notes
Chapter 6: The Council of Ministers
	The Council of Minister
		Composition
		Council of Ministers and Cabinet
		Functions of the Cabinet
	Cabinet Committees
		The Organization of Committees
		The Evolution of Cabinet Committees In India
		N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar Committee’S Report
		Observations of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
		Recommendations of the Administrative Reforms Commission
	Notes
Chapter 7: The Parliament
	The Lok Sabha
		Speaker of the Lok Sabha
		Powers and Functions of the Speaker
	The Rajya Sabha
		Rajya Sabha: Its Composition
		Power and Functions of the Rajya Sabha
		Legislative Powers
		Constitutional Amendments
		The Role of the Rajya Sabha
	Powers of the Parliament
		Financial Powers
		Judicial Powers
	Parliamentary Committees
	The New Committee System In the Parliament
		Decline of the Parliament
		Restoration of Parliamentary Supremacy
	Notes
Chapter 8: The Supreme Court of India
	The Appointment of Judges
		Qualifications of Judges
		Tenure
		Removal
		Salary of the Judges
		Prohibition of Practice After Retirement
	The Seat of the Supreme Court
	Supreme Court: A Court of Record
	Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court
		Appellate Jurisdiction
		Supreme Court’S Power to Grant Special Leave to Appeal
		Advisory Jurisdiction
		Writ Jurisdiction
	Independence of the Judiciary
	Supreme Court and Judicial Review
		Judicial Review of the Constitutional Amendments
		Judicial Review of Legislative Enactments and Ordinances
	Judicial Activities In India
	Critical Assessment
	Notes
Chapter 9: The Structure of Central Administration
	The Evolution of the Central Secretariat
	Functions of the Secretariat
		Advantages of Split System
		Functions
	Structure of the Secretariat
		Staffing of Officers
		Arguments Against the Tenure System
		Operation of the Tenure System
	Central Secretariat Service (Css)
		Office Service
		Central Secretariat Stenographers’ Service
		Central Secretariat Clerical Service (Cscs)
		Criticism of the Secretariat
		Recent Developments
	Notes
Chapter 10: The Cabinet Secretariat
	The Evolution of the Cabinet Secretariat
	Organization of the Cabinet Secretariat
		The Intelligence Wing
		Functions of the Cabinet Secretariat
		The Role of the Cabinet Secretariat
	The Cabinet Secretary
		The Role of the Cabinet Secretary
		Administrative Reforms Commission and the Cabinet Secretariat
	Notes
Chapter 11: Ministriesa and Departments
	The Allocation of Business
	Bases of Work Distribution
		Working of the Ministries/Departments
		The Political Head
		The Secretariat
		Section Officer
		Assistants/Upper Division Clerks
		The Attached Offices
		Executive Organization of the Department
	Ministries/Departments of the Government
		Ministries and Departments In the Central Government In 2009
	Ministry of Home Affairs
		Organization
		Functions
		The Role of the Ministry of Home Affairs
	Ministry of Finance
		History
		Organization
		Department of Economic Affairs
		Department of Expenditure
		Department of Revenue
	Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
		Organization
		Functions
	Notes
Chapter 12: Boards, Commissions and Field Organizations
	Classification of Boards and Commissions
		Classification On the Basis of Nature of Authority
		Classification On the Basis of Legal Status
		Constitutional Boards/Commissions
		Statutory Boards/Commissions
		Boards/Commissions Set Up By Resolutions
		Classification On the Basis of Location of Board/Commission
		Boards/Commissions As Ministries
		Boards As Heads of the Department
		Boards In Subordinate Positions
		Classification On the Basis of Functions
	The Railway Board
		Functions
	Field Organizations
		Attached and Subordinate Office
		Organization of Attached Offices
		Organization of the Subordinate Offices
		The Relationship Between Secretariat and Executive Agencies
		Complaints Against the Secretariat
		Arguments In Favour of the Secretariat
		The Pattern of Relationship Between the Secretariat and the Field Office
		The Relationship Between Attached and Subordinate Offices
		Field Organization In Operation
		Unitary System
		Multiple System
	Notes
Chapter 13: The Finance Commission
	The Appointment of Finance Commission
		Composition
	Functions of Finance Commission
	Terms of Reference
		Duration of the Commission
	Procedure of Working
		Analysis of the Working of the Finance Commission
	Finance Commission and Planning Commission
		Suggestions for Better Working of the Finance Commission
	Notes
Chapter 14: Centre–State Relations
	Legislative Relations
		The Doctrine of Pith and Substance
		The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
		Conclusion
	Administrative Relations
		The Governor As An Agent of the Centre
		The Implementation of Central Laws
		States to Entrust Functions to the Union
		All India Services
		Power of Adjudication
		Inter-State Comity
		Inquiry Commissions Against State Chief Ministers
		Constitutional Bodies/Institutional Arrangement for Consultation
	Financial Relations
		Scheme of Distribution of Sources of Revenue
		Grants-In-Aid
		Power of Borrowing
		Financial Emergency
		Control By the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
		Tension Areas In Practice
	Planning and Centre–State Relations
	Notes
Chapter 15: Union Public Service Commission
	Historical Background
	Provisions for Independent Working of the Upsc
	Composition
	Functions
	Working of the Commission
	Evaluation of the Working of the Upsc
		Present Position of the Upsc
	Notes
Chapter 16: Public Services
	Historical Background
	Constitutional Base
	All-India Services
		The Need for All-India Services
		Legal Framework
		Recruitment
		The Scheme of Competitive Examination
		Recruitment Through Promotion
	Central Civil Services
		Central Secretariat Service
		Management of Central Services
	State Services
		Management of State Services
		Some Issues for Attention
		Inter-Services Tensions
		The Problem of Domicile or Residence Requirement
		Reservation System
	Local Services
		Comparison of All Three Systems
		Rural Services
	Training of Civil Services
		Types of Training
		Ias Probationers Course (Phase I)
		Indian Foreign Service (Ifs)
		Indian Police Service
		Training for the Indian Audit and Accounts Service
		Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi
		The Administrative Staff College, Hyderabad
		Training of State Services
		Training for Local Civil Services
		Foreign Training Programmes
	Notes
Chapter 17: Constitutional Protection to Civil Servants
	The Role of Civil Service
	The Doctrine of Pleasure
	The Importance of Constitutional Safeguards
	Constitutional Safeguards
	Principles of Natural Justice
	Notes
Chapter 18: Machineryf or Planning
	Planning In India
	Planning Commission
		Composition, Organization and Functions
		Working of the Commission
	Plan Formulation
		Planning Commission—An Evaluation
	National Development Council
		Objectives and Functions
		Composition of National Development Council
	Planning Machinery At the State Level
		The Functions of the Planning Board
		Planning Machinery
	Planning Machinery At the District Level
		District Planning Boards/Committees
		Evaluation of District Planning
		District Planning Committee
	Notes
Chapter 19: Public Undertakings
	Organization of Public Undertakings
	Forms of Public Undertakings
		Departmental Undertakings
		Government Company or Joint Stock Company
		Public Corporations
		The Administrative Reforms Commission
	Management of Public Undertakings
		Operational Management
		Policies of Appointment
		Public Enterprises Selection Board
		Operational Management
	Control Over Public Undertakings
		Instruments of Control
		Department of Public Enterprises
		Parliamentary Control
		Parliamentary Committees
		Planning Commission
		Conclusion
	Problems of Public Enterprises
		The Problem of Objective
		The Problem of Autonomy
		Organizational Problems Including Personnel
	Notes
Chapter 20: Control over Public Expenditure
	Control Through Budget
	Public Accounts Committee
	Estimates Committee
	The Role of the Finance Ministry
	Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
		History
		Appointment and Conditions of Service
		Powers and Duties of Cag
		Audit Report
		Audit Against Rules and Orders
		Audit Against Propriety
		Criticism
		Position of the Cag
		Separation of Accounts From Audit
		Arguments for the Separation of Audit and Accounts
		Arguments Against the Separation of Audit and Accounts
	Notes
Chapter 21: Administration of Law and Order
	Central Police Organizations
		Central Reserve Police Force
		Border Security Force
		Central Industrial Security Force
		Assam Rifles
		Indo-Tibetan Border Police
		Railway Protection Force (Rpf)
		Evaluation of Working of Various Central Agencies
	Police Administration In States
		Organizational Set-Up At the State Level
		Police Set-Up At the District Level
		Powers and Functions of the Superintendent of Police (Sp)
		Training At the State Level
		Police Reforms
		Police Reforms: Attempts and Outcome
		Supreme Court and Police Reforms
		Drawbacks In Reform Attempts
		The Role of District Magistrate In Law and Order
		Conclusion
	Notes
Chapter 22: Accountabilitya and Control Over Public Administration
	The Concept
	Legislative or Parliamentary Control
		Limitation of Legislative Control
	Executive Control Over Administration
		Types of Executive Control
		Political or Ministerial Control
		Administrative Control Within the Hierarchy
		Personnel Management Control
		Budgetary Control
		Control By Staff Agencies
		Professional or Administrative Ethics
	Judicial Control Over Administration
		Forms of Judicial Control
		Judicial Review
		Statutory Appeals
		Suits Against Government
		Suits Against Public Officials
		Extraordinary Remedies
		Prohibition
		Limitations of Judicial Control
	Other Means of Control
		Lok Pal
		Lok Ayukta
		People’S Participation
		Political Parties, Press and People
	Notes
Chapter 23: State Administration
	The Governor
		Appointment of the Governor
		Arguments Against An Elected Governor
		Arguments Against Nominated Governor
		Selection of Type of Persons As Governor
		Transfer of the Governor
		Power of the Governor
		Position of the Governor
		The Role of the Governor
		Position of the Governor After 1967
	The Chief Minister
		Appointment of the Chief Minister
		Powers and Functions
		Allocation of Portfolios
		Link Between the Governor and Council of Ministers
		Leader of the House
		Chief Minister and the Party
		Chief Minister As Head of the Administration
		Chief Minister As A Public Relations Man
		Other Functions
	Council of Ministers
		The Functions
	The State Secretariat
		Organization of the Secretariat
		Manning of the Secretariat Positions
		Office
		General
		Financial Matters
		Service Matters
		Criticism of the Secretariat
		Chief Secretary
	Executive Departments/Directorates
		Organization
		Functions of the Department
		Relationship Between the Secretariat and Field Departments
	Notes
Chapter 24: District Administration
	The Evolution of District Administration
	The Role and Importance of District Administration
	The District Collector
		The Evolution of the Office of Collector
		Functions of the District Collector
		Land Revenue
		The Maintenance of Law and Order
		Developmental Function
		Other Functions
		The Position and Role of the Collector
		Other District Level Officers
		Administration Below District Level
	District Rural Development Agency (Drda)
		Organization of Drda
		Functions of the Drda
		The Drda
		Main Weaknesses
		Suggestions
		Special Development Programmes
	Special Development Programmes
		Area Development Programme
		Drought-Prone Area Programme
		Funding Pattern
		Evaluation
		Integrated Rural Development
		Objectives of the Irdp
		Financial Assistance Pattern
		Coverage Under the Irdp
		The Pattern of Subsidy
		Evaluation
		Objectives of the Jry
		Evaluation
		Restructuring of the Jry
		Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
		Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
		Annapurna Scheme
		Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana
		National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
		Main Features of the Programme
	Notes
Chapter 25: Panchayati Raj
	The Concept of Panchayati Raj
	Working of Panchayati Raj
	Reasons for the Decline of Panchayati Raj
	Seventy-Third Constitution Amendment Act 
and Its Main Characteristics
		Decentralization
		Conclusion
	Notes
Chapter 26: Urban Local Government
	Structure of Urban Local Governance
	Municipal Council
		Planning and Finance
		Municipal Functions
	Municipal Management and Personnel
		State and Municipal Governments
		People’S Participation
	Future Trends
	Notes
Chapter 27: Administration for Welfare
	Scheduled Castes
	Scheduled Tribes
	Other Backward Classes (Obcs)
	Constitutional Provisions to Safeguard the Interests and Welfare of the Scs, Sts and Other Backward Classes
		Untouchability
		Reservations
		Educational Development
		Economic Development
		Administrative Set Up for the Development of Scs and Sts and Backward Classes At the Central Level
		Parliamentary Committee for the Welfare of Scs, Sts and Backward Classes
	Women Welfare Programmes
		Administrative Machinery At the Central Level
		Central Social Welfare Board
		Administrative Set Up At the State Level
		Major Women Welfare Programmes
		Women’S Development Corporations
		National Commission for Women
		Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
	Notes
Chapter 28: Issues in Indian Administration
	Political and Permanent Executive
		The Relationship Between Minister and Secretary
		Friction and Conflict
		Some Episodes
		Causes of Rift
		Political Interference In Administration
		Neutrality and Civil Servants
	Generalist and Specialist In Administration
		Definition of Generalists and Specialists
		The Controversy
		Arguments In Favour of Generalists
		Arguments In Favour of Specialists
		The Way Out
	Integrity In Public Administration
		Definition of Corruption
		Forms of Corruption
		Causes of Corruption or Decline of Integrity
		Historical Causes
		Social Causes
		Economic Causes
		Environmental Causes
		Cumbersome Procedure
		Inadequate Laws
		Evil Effect of Corruption On Administration
		Anti-Corruption Measures and Machinery
		Legal and Institutional Devices to Check Corruption
		Vigilance Organizations In the Ministries
		Central Vigilance Commission (Cvc)
		State Vigilance Commission
		Lok Pal and Lok Ayuktas
		Some Suggested Remedies
	Redress of Citizens’ Grievances
		Existing Arrangements for the Redress of Grievances
		Jurisdiction of Lok Pal
		Procedure of Working
		Weaknesses of the Bill
		Lok Ayukta
		Consumer Protection As the Removal of Public Grievances
		Consumer Protection Machinery In India
		Central Consumer Protection Council
		Objectives of the Central Council
		The State Consumer Protection Councils
		District Forum
		Jurisdiction of the District Forum
	Notes
Chapter 29: Administrative Reforms
	Need of Administrative Reform
	Tools of Administrative Reforms
	Administrative Reforms In India
		Reports On Indian Administration, 1946–1997
		First Phase (1947–1964)
		Indian Institute of Public Administration (Iipa)
		Main Features of First Phase
		Second Phase (1965–1976)
		Administrative Reforms Commission (1966–1970)
		Third Phase (1977–1990)
		Main Characteristics of Third Phase
		Fourth Phase, 1990 Onwards
	Fifth Pay Commission and Administrative Reforms
		Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2005)
		Administrative Reforms In the States
	Features of Administrative Reforms
	Overall Impact and Shortcoming of Administrative Reforms
	Notes
Chapter 30: National Human Rights Commission
	Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
		Constitution of National Human Rights Commission
		Removal of A Member of the Commission
		Term of Office of Members
		Officers and Staff of the Commission
		Functions and Powers of the Commission
		Powers Relating to Enquiries
Chapter 31: Problems of Governance in India
	The World Bank And Governance
	The Indian Context
	The Conference of Chief Secretaries
	The Chief Ministers’ Conference
	Problems of Governance
	The Way Out
Note
Bibliography
Index