In Vitro Fertilization: A Practical Approach

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Contributors......Page 17
THE HISTORY OF THE PAST......Page 21
1950–1978......Page 22
1978–1982......Page 24
1982–1992......Page 26
1992–THE PRESENT......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
DAY 3 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE......Page 37
CLOMIPHENE CITRATE CHALLENGE TEST......Page 38
SEMEN ANALYSIS WITH WHITE BLOOD CELLS STAIN AND CULTURE......Page 39
SPERM PENETRATION ASSAY......Page 40
TRIAL TRANSFER......Page 41
ENDOMETRIOSIS......Page 42
PERSONAL HABITS......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
INTRODUCTION......Page 49
PHYSIOLOGY OF OVARIAN RESERVE......Page 50
ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDINGS......Page 51
REFINED UNDERSTANDINGS......Page 52
CONTROVERSIES......Page 56
REFERENCES......Page 57
INTRODUCTION......Page 63
HUMAN OVARIAN PHYSIOLOGY......Page 64
CLINICAL REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY......Page 67
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME......Page 73
OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION SYNDROME......Page 75
POOR RESPONDERS......Page 77
OVARIAN STIMULATION AND OVARIAN CANCER......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 80
INTRODUCTION......Page 87
PHASE II DOSE-FINDING STUDIES......Page 88
PHASE III RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AND OPEN STUDIES......Page 90
GnRH-nt IN MILD STIMULATION......Page 93
REMAINING QUESTIONS ON GnRH-nt......Page 96
INDICATIONS......Page 97
POOR RESPONDERS......Page 98
CONCLUSION......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
6. Ultrasonography in In Vitro Fertilization......Page 111
OVARIAN ASSESSMENT......Page 112
ULTRASOUND-GUIDED OOCYTE RETRIEVAL......Page 116
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENDOMETRIUM AT EMBRYO TRANSFER......Page 118
ULTRASOUND-GUIDED EMBRYO TRANSFER......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 127
INTRODUCTION......Page 137
TECHNICAL ASPECTS......Page 139
COMPLICATIONS......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
INTRODUCTION......Page 147
OOCYTE MATURATION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO......Page 148
IN VITRO MATURATION OF OOCYTES IN INFERTILITY TREATMENTS......Page 151
OUTLINE OF AN IVM TREATMENT CYCLE......Page 156
IVM TREATMENT OUTCOME......Page 158
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
INTRODUCTION......Page 167
SPERM COLLECTION......Page 168
SPERM PREPARATION METHODS......Page 169
POST-SEPARATION TREATMENT OF SPERMATOZOA......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 178
INTRODUCTION......Page 181
INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION......Page 182
OUTCOME AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 196
INTRODUCTION......Page 203
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF FERTILIZATION......Page 204
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF FERTILIZATION IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTION......Page 208
NORMAL VS. ABNORMAL FERTILIZATION......Page 209
PREDICTIVE POTENTIAL OF ZYGOTE NONINVASIVE EVALUATION......Page 210
ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS OF ABNORMAL FERTILIZATION......Page 212
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF FERTILIZATION ABNORMALITIES......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 214
12. Embryo Development and Assessment of Viability......Page 219
THE OOCYTE......Page 220
THE ZYGOTE......Page 223
THE CLEAVING EMBRYO......Page 225
EMBRYO METABOLISM......Page 229
THE BLASTOCYST......Page 231
CONCLUSION......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 233
INTRODUCTION......Page 241
COMPOSITION OF EMBRYO CULTURE MEDIA......Page 245
CULTURE SYSTEM......Page 268
WHAT STAGE SHOULD THE HUMAN EMBRYO BE TRANSFERRED?......Page 274
EMBRYO CULTURE PROTOCOL......Page 279
QUALITY CONTROL Mouse Bioassay......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 284
INTRODUCTION......Page 303
GAMETE MICROMANIPULATION......Page 304
POST-FERTILIZATION......Page 314
EMBRYO BIOPSY......Page 322
MORAL, ETHICAL, AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 327
INTRODUCTION......Page 333
SOURCE OF GENETIC MATERIAL......Page 334
PGD FOR MONOGENIC DISORDERS......Page 337
CHROMOSOMAL ANEUPLOIDY SCREENING......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 344
HISTORY OF MAMMALIAN GAMETE/EMBRYO CRYOBIOLOGY......Page 351
PRINCIPLES OF CRYOPRESERVATION......Page 353
PROTOCOLS......Page 354
TROUBLESHOOTING AND A SUCCESSFUL CRYOPRESERVATION PROGRAM......Page 376
FUTURE OF GAMETE/EMBRYO CRYOBIOLOGY......Page 378
REFERENCES......Page 380
INTRODUCTION......Page 385
WHY EMPLOY QA AND QC SCHEMES IN THE IVF LABORATORY?......Page 386
WHAT COMPRISES A QC PROGRAM?......Page 388
WHAT COMPRISES A QA PROGRAM?......Page 396
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF QA AND QC......Page 398
REFERENCES......Page 399
HISTORY......Page 401
FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESS......Page 402
SCREENING OF RECIPIENTS......Page 404
PRACTICE CYCLE......Page 405
OVARIAN STIMULATION......Page 406
DONOR SAFETY......Page 407
ENDOMETRIAL PREPARATION......Page 408
EMBRYO TRANSFER......Page 410
PREGNANCY OUTCOMES......Page 411
ADVANCED REPRODUCTIVE AGE......Page 412
REFERENCES......Page 415
INTRODUCTION......Page 423
ANIMAL STUDIES AND CURRENT CONCEPTS ON UTERINE RECEPTIVITY......Page 424
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF HUMAN UTERINE RECEPTIVITY......Page 426
THE IMPACT OF COH ON THE ENDOCRINE REQUIREMENTS FOR UTERINE RECEPTIVITY......Page 430
THE SEARCH FOR MARKERS OF UTERINE RECEPTIVITY......Page 436
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN UTERINE RECEPTIVITY......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 445
INTRODUCTION......Page 455
POTENTIAL NEGATIVE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ET TECHNIQUE......Page 456
SUGGESTIONS FOR OPTIMIZING THE TECHNIQUE OF ET......Page 458
DESCRIPTION OF AN ET PROCEDURE......Page 470
LUTEAL PHASE SUPPORT......Page 471
REFERENCES......Page 473
WHY MONITOR IVF OUTCOME?......Page 485
WHY MONITOR: WHAT CAN GO WRONG IF THE DATA ARE MISUNDERSTOOD OR MISINTERPRETED?......Page 487
WHAT IS KNOWN FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE?......Page 488
EVALUATION OF THE MAJOR PUBLISHED STUDIES IVF......Page 489
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENTS OTHER THAN FOR CONGENITAL ANOMALIES......Page 498
GENOMIC IMPRINTING—THE ARTID STUDY......Page 500
CONCLUSION......Page 501
REFERENCES......Page 502
Index......Page 505