Immigration (Greenwood Guides to Business and Economics)

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Series Foreword by Wesley B. Truitt......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Contents......Page 7
1. History of Immigration to the United States......Page 15
EARLY HISTORY......Page 16
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD: THE INFLUENCE OF ONE IMMIGRANT......Page 18
IMMIGRATION AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION......Page 19
THE MARCH TOWARD RESTRICTION......Page 22
AFTER WORLD WAR II......Page 25
AN END TO THE NATIONAL ORIGIN QUOTAS......Page 26
RECENT LEGISLATIVE BATTLES: 1996 AND THE WAR OVER LEGAL IMMIGRATION......Page 28
2006 AND 2007......Page 31
NOTES......Page 35
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 37
IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS......Page 39
NANCY CHANG, TAIWANESE-BORN CO-FOUNDER OF TANOX......Page 40
SAID HILAL, LEBANESE-BORN FOUNDER OF APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES......Page 41
PATRICK LO, CHINESE-BORN FOUNDER OF NETGEAR......Page 42
ZVI OR-BACH, ISRAELI-BORN FOUNDER OF eASIC......Page 43
NOBEL PRIZES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE......Page 44
RESEARCH ON THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FOREIGN BORN......Page 46
THE NEXT GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS......Page 47
BASEBALL......Page 49
WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT......Page 51
SHIPS, SUBS, AND HELICOPTERS......Page 54
IMMIGRANTS IN THE U.S. MILITARY TODAY......Page 56
IMMIGRANT MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS......Page 57
ALFRED RASCON......Page 60
NOTES......Page 62
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 65
3. Legal Immigration......Page 67
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERMANENT RESIDENCE AND TEMPORARY VISAS AND THE FEDERAL ROLES IN IMMIGRATION......Page 70
VISITING......Page 71
GETTING MARRIED......Page 73
EXCHANGE PROGRAMS......Page 74
DIPLOMATIC AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS......Page 75
EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRATION CATEGORIES (FOR PERMANENT RESIDENCE)......Page 76
HIGH-SKILL TEMPORARY VISAS FOR EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 78
LOW-SKILLED TEMPORARY VISAS FOR EMPLOYMENT......Page 80
COMING TO AMERICA TO STUDY......Page 81
HOW DOES SOMEONE BECOME AN INTERNATIONAL STUDENT?......Page 83
FAMILY IMMIGRATION AND THE LONG WAIT TO IMMIGRATE......Page 85
FAMILY-SPONSORED PREFERENCE CATEGORIES AND ESTIMATED WAIT TIMES......Page 87
KEY ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING FAMILY IMMIGRATION......Page 88
THE MYTH OF ‘‘CHAIN MIGRATION’’......Page 90
ALREADY HIGH LEVELS OF EDUCATION FOR LEGAL IMMIGRANTS......Page 91
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FAMILY IMMIGRATION......Page 92
A POINTLESS POINT SYSTEM......Page 93
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 95
NOTES......Page 98
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 103
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION......Page 105
TEMPORARY WORK VISAS EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION......Page 107
IMMIGRANT DEATHS......Page 111
ENFORCEMENT ALONE UNLIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION......Page 114
LEGALIZATION WILL NOT REDUCE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION......Page 117
PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE U.S. BORDER SECURITY, REDUCE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION, AND PREVENT MIGRANT DEATHS......Page 118
HOW TO DISTRIBUTE THE FULLY PORTABLE WORK PERMITS AND SET ANNUAL NUMBERS......Page 120
MEXICO WOULD NEED TO SHARE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES......Page 122
OTHER ISSUES AND QUESTIONS ABOUT THE WORK PERMITS......Page 124
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 126
NOTES......Page 128
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 132
5. High-Skilled Immigration and American Competitiveness......Page 133
THE DIVISION BETWEEN TEMPORARY STATUS AND PERMANENT RESIDENCE......Page 135
TEMPORARY VISAS: THE RECENT HISTORY......Page 136
THE COMPLAINTS OF CRITICS IN CONTEXT......Page 137
CHEAP LABOR? THE DATA SUGGEST OTHERWISE......Page 139
MOVING AWAY FROM A ZERO-SUM VIEW OF THE WORLD......Page 140
THE CASE OF GOOGLE......Page 141
FLUCTUATIONS IN H-1B USE......Page 143
THE LAW REQUIRES COMPARABLE WAGES AND THE OPPORTUNITY TO FIND A NEW EMPLOYER......Page 144
HIGH FEES PAID BY EMPLOYERS UNDERMINE UNDERPAYMENT ALLEGATIONS......Page 146
FRAUD ALLEGATIONS AND H-1BS......Page 147
EMPLOYMENT-BASED GREEN CARD QUOTAS LEAD TO DECADE-LONG WAITS......Page 149
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 150
WAYS TO REDUCE FRAUD AND INCREASE COMPLIANCE......Page 152
NOTES......Page 158
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 163
6. Refugees and Asylees......Page 165
THE HISTORY OF U.S. POLICIES TOWARD REFUGEES: THE PLIGHT OF JEWISH REFUGEES......Page 166
REFUGEES FROM COMMUNISM......Page 169
THE VIETNAM WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH......Page 171
THE 1980 REFUGEE ACT AND THE CURRENT REFUGEE PROCESS......Page 173
ASYLUM......Page 174
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 178
NOTES......Page 179
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 182
7. The Economic Debate over Immigration......Page 183
THE BIG PICTURE......Page 184
JOBS......Page 187
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE DEBATE......Page 189
RESEARCH BY GIOVANNI PERI......Page 192
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF IMMIGRATION REFORM......Page 193
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES REPORT AND FISCAL IMPACTS......Page 194
IMMIGRANTS AND SOCIAL SECURITY......Page 197
CONCLUSION......Page 198
NOTES......Page 199
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 202
8. Assimilation......Page 203
DO IMMIGRANTS ASSIMILATE?......Page 204
WAGE GROWTH......Page 205
EDUCATION......Page 207
ENGLISH LANGUAGE......Page 208
IMMIGRANTS AND CRIME......Page 209
WELFARE USE......Page 210
OPINION SURVEYS OF IMMIGRANTS......Page 212
NOTES......Page 213
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 215
WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN BORN IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY, AND IS THAT HIGH BY HISTORICAL STANDARDS?......Page 217
IS IT TRUE THAT FEW EUROPEANS IMMIGRATE TO THE UNITED STATES TODAY?......Page 218
DOES THE ANNUAL FLOW OF FOREIGN-BORN PROFESSIONALS ON H-1B TEMPORARY WORK VISAS DISCOURAGE U.S. STUDENTS FROM ENTERING SCIENCE-, MATH-, AND TECHNOLOGY-RELATED FIELDS?......Page 219
DO INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS CROWD OUT U.S. STUDENTS WHO WANT TO ATTEND COLLEGE?......Page 220
SHOULD THE UNITED STATES COMPEL INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS TO GO HOME SO AS TO PREVENT A ‘‘BRAIN DRAIN’’ FROM POORER COUNTRIES?......Page 221
WHY IS IT A BAD IDEA TO ESTABLISH A COMMISSION TO REGULATE LOW- AND HIGH-SKILL TEMPORARY VISAS AND GREEN CARDS?......Page 222
ARE IMMIGRANTS MORE LIKELY THAN NATIVES TO COMMIT CRIMES?......Page 224
WOULD A ‘‘TIME-OUT,’’ MORATORIUM, OR SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN LEGAL IMMIGRATION LEVELS HELP THOSE IMMIGRANTS ALREADY HERE TO ASSIMILATE?......Page 225
DO MORE PEOPLE ENTERING THE LABOR FORCE MEAN DEPRESSED WAGES AND INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT?......Page 226
A NUMBER OF GROUPS OPPOSED TO IMMIGRATION ARE ALSO IN FAVOR OF POPULATION CONTROL BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE FEWER PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES WOULD HELP THE ENVIRONMENT. DOES IMMIGRATION HARM THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 227
WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST UNKNOWN CONTRIBUTIONS OF IMMIGRANTS?......Page 228
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO REDUCE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION?......Page 229
WHAT IS THE BIGGEST LONG-TERM THREAT TO LEGAL IMMIGRATION?......Page 230
NOTES......Page 232
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 234
Selected Bibliography......Page 235
Index......Page 239