Immigration Detention: Law, History, Politics

IMMIGRATION DETENTION LAW, HISTORY, POLITICS......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 7
From free movement to border controls: the alien as liberal subject in the nineteenth century......Page 10
The emergence and development of permanent immigration detention laws: from war powers to aliens powers......Page 11
The modern era: normalizing administrative detention of unauthorized or deportable foreigners......Page 12
Enemies or friends? The ambiguous contemporary moral and political status of foreigners......Page 13
Constitutionalism and the problem of unauthorized persons......Page 14
The absence of a modern international law and politics of migration......Page 15
A residual role for international human rights: the inalienable rights of unauthorized persons?......Page 16
Detained foreigners as enemies, criminals, emergency internees or outlaws......Page 18
Detention centres as extra-legal spaces and virtual borders......Page 19
Political and legal reasoning over membership within liberal societies: detention as the residue of arbitrary power......Page 20
Democracy, security, detention and authorization......Page 21
The rule of law and the limits of the aliens power: beyond authorization......Page 23
Alien friends and alien enemies in the early modern period: libertarian equality and open borders......Page 26
Early debates on expulsion and exclusion of aliens: habeas corpus, banishment and denial of asylum......Page 27
The creation of alienage and establishing the border as a site of political control......Page 31
United States of America: the evolution of immigration law and the status of aliens......Page 33
The first federal powers over the reception and selection of immigrants......Page 34
Selection and care: the inspections of immigrants on the East coast in the absence of detention centres......Page 36
The Immigration Act 1891 and the creation of the detention centre as a legal exception......Page 38
'A wholesome reform’: mandatory detention arrives......Page 39
The limited duration of detention on the East coast......Page 40
Avoiding detention: bonding as a flexible alternative......Page 42
Chinese exclusion and the racist strand in immigration policy......Page 43
Judicial control of detention and exclusion of Chinese on the West coast: the habeas corpus 'mill’......Page 44
The duration of detention of Chinese migrants: judicially created limitations on the use of the migration power......Page 46
Removing constitutional review of migration control measures: the Supreme Court and plenary power......Page 48
Immigration detention: 'not imprisonment in a legal sense’......Page 52
World War One and beyond: internal controls and public security detention......Page 54
Undeportable aliens during World War One: release and reauthorization......Page 57
Detention and the emerging problem of statelessness......Page 58
Conclusions on early US detention practices......Page 59
The emergence of immigration controls in the United Kingdom......Page 61
Inspection and detention under the 1905 Alien Act: due process and despatch......Page 66
The demand for a large immigrant receiving house: Londons Ellis Island?......Page 68
World War One and the first deployment of mass alien internment......Page 70
From aliens to naturalized citizens: extending the reach of the ‘aliens’ power......Page 74
Post-Armistice: continued internment pending repatriation......Page 76
Post-war detention and deportation: the continuation of wartime powers over friendly aliens......Page 78
Conclusions......Page 79
Introduction: the aliens power and the new politics of enforcement......Page 82
The United States of America: the detention paradox......Page 83
The Cold War cases: preventive detention in 'peacetime’ unleashed......Page 84
After the Cold War: controlling indefinite detention through statute and discretion......Page 89
De facto statelessness and criminalizing non-cooperation with the removal process......Page 90
The switch from parole to detention: the Haitian and Cuban flotillas......Page 92
The rise and rise of mandatory detention as a legislative policy......Page 94
The decision in Zadvydas: the end of endless immigration detention......Page 96
The plenary power doctrine dimmed but not buried: Demore v. Kim......Page 100
The effects of Zadvydas and Martinez on the practice of long-term detention generally......Page 102
The United Kingdom: executive detention and the revival of the habeas corpus tradition......Page 104
From British subjects to aliens: the detention of Commonwealth citizens......Page 105
The effect of the 1971 Act: the return of the aliens power......Page 109
The landmark decision in Khawaja: equal liberty for aliens?......Page 111
The emerging problem of extended detention: searching for the statutory purpose......Page 113
The growth of detention: removals, arrivals and crises......Page 116
Administrative overload and damages for unlawful imprisonment in the UK......Page 119
The foreign prisoners emergency......Page 120
The creation of mandatory detention: the boat arrivals crisis and the non-punitive question......Page 123
The new boat arrivals and the crisis of indefinite detention......Page 126
The segregation of aliens as a statutory purpose: the decision in Al Kateb......Page 128
France: immigration detention under police powers not aliens powers......Page 132
The detention of foreigners: the political scandal of extra-legality......Page 133
Constitutionalizing the liberty of unauthorized foreigners......Page 135
Detention in the legal black hole in the international zone: a prison with three walls?......Page 137
Criminal due process in immigration arrests and detention......Page 138
Extending detention and the emerging deportation targets......Page 139
Conclusions......Page 141
Introduction: sovereignty and the treatment of aliens......Page 144
Detention and the modern migration and human rights puzzle......Page 146
World War Two and the refugee problem: camps and authorization for resettlement......Page 149
The Refugee Convention and detention: an uncertain text......Page 151
Controlling irregular movements of asylum seekers and the UNHCR's response to increasing detention......Page 156
The search for an appropriate international standard on detention of asylum seekers......Page 159
The development of proportionality in UNHCR Guidelines and their lack of influence on state practice......Page 161
Conclusions on detention and the Refugee Convention: a protection failure......Page 163
The European Convention on Human Rights: detention as ancillary to the aliens power......Page 165
The first Commission decisions: due diligence and allocating blame......Page 166
Evolution of the Strasbourg Court case-law: the weakness of the due diligence approach......Page 168
European asylum claims: detention at airports and the prison with three walls......Page 171
Rejection of a necessity test in the landmark Chahal case......Page 173
Constraining pure administrative detention post-Chahal......Page 175
Conclusions on Council of Europe case-law and practice......Page 181
United Nations activity and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights......Page 182
Asylum seekers in long-term detention: the growing concern......Page 183
The role of Article 9 ICCPR: the prohibition on arbitrary detention......Page 184
The proportionality revolution: the decision in A v. Australia......Page 186
United Nations criticism since A v. Australia: the continued growth of administrative detention......Page 188
Conclusions on the contribution of the International Covenant to the regulation of detention......Page 190
Beyond asylum: 'criminalization’ and detention of irregular migrants......Page 192
Overall conclusions on international law and detention......Page 194
Introduction: open borders and the meaning of ‘security’......Page 196
Immigration controls in the Union: EU and non-EU citizens......Page 197
The liberty of EU citizens: the evolution of the right to free movement and the abolition of immigration control......Page 199
Non-EU citizens and the emergence of EU powers over asylum and immigration......Page 204
‘Friendly’ aliens and detention powers: a policy of silence......Page 207
Asylum seekers: provisional authorization and tenuous liberty......Page 210
The negotiation of asylum detention: a failure to agree on legal limits......Page 212
Irregular migrants as an enemy: extended detention of the non-dangerous in the Returns Directive......Page 215
The duration of detention under the Returns Directive and the decision in Kadzoev......Page 218
The Returns Directive: the rule of law avoided......Page 221
The possibility of an EU constitutional right to liberty......Page 222
The constitutional status of unauthorized third-country nationals in the EU......Page 224
Common EU border security politics......Page 227
Conclusions......Page 229
The aliens power: the permanent emergency power?......Page 232
Authorization of aliens and fundamental rights......Page 233
Exploring the legal status of foreign detainees in national security cases: modern outlaws?......Page 234
The modern era of counter-terrorism......Page 237
The United Kingdom: the problem of undeportable foreigners......Page 238
The solution: the indefinite detention of foreigners as an immigration measure under the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001......Page 240
Indefinite ‘immigration’ detention: the enduring doubts and the litigation......Page 243
The Belmarsh decision in A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department: the equal liberty of aliens......Page 247
A security measure not an immigration measure......Page 248
The new cosmopolitan view: fundamental rights over immigration authorization......Page 249
The ‘prison with three walls’ revisited......Page 252
Conclusions: asserting judicial control over political detention......Page 253
The confirmation of the Belmarsh decision by Strasbourg......Page 255
Authorization to be released under the control order regime: a prison without walls?......Page 256
The United States response to September 11, 2001 and the use of immigration powers......Page 258
The mandatory indefinite detention of removable 'terrorist’ aliens: a theoretical power......Page 263
Guantanamo Bay: the immigration roots of the offshore policy......Page 264
The Supreme Court revisits Guantanamo Bay in the context of anti-terrorism policy......Page 268
Conclusions on US security detention......Page 274
Overall conclusions......Page 276
Introduction: the new detention as politics or as law?......Page 281
Liberalism, justice and the problem of migrants......Page 282
Impartialist accounts: cosmopolitanism and the equality of persons......Page 284
Partialist accounts: the power to determine membership of the liberal nation......Page 287
Non-liberal accounts: Hobbes, Schmitt and the state of war over borders......Page 291
Migration, detention and the new politics of security......Page 294
Large influxes, foreign criminals and asylum seekers: crisis, legitimacy and visualization......Page 300
Detention conditions, disturbances and containment: the practical politics of modern incarceration......Page 303
Unrest in detention centres: the instability of control......Page 304
International politics and detention conditions: sovereignty or external accountability?......Page 312
The detention of particularly vulnerable groups: the end of extremity?......Page 315
The limits of a global politics of migration: immigration detainees as outlaws from international society......Page 321
Are detention camps exceptional political spaces beyond all law?......Page 324
Imperfect borders and imperfect membership: liberalism, security and imperfection......Page 328
Beyond membership and constraining the techniques of migration control: interrogating the border ‘war’......Page 330
Conclusions......Page 332
Introduction......Page 335
Security, reason and authorization......Page 336
International human rights standards and the limits of ‘post-national’ citizenship......Page 341
Detention and international human rights: between borders and protection gaps......Page 343
Governmental power over migration and the domestic courts: between deference and law......Page 346
Democratic approval of detention and the scope of judicial review......Page 350
Migration and the idea of a global rule of law......Page 353
Reaffirming the rule of law: no immigration detention without judicial approval......Page 355
Proportionality: balancing individual interests and enforcement efforts......Page 356
Circumscribing the legitimate goals of detention: removal not segregation......Page 358
Individualized detention decisions and necessity......Page 361
Fixing endpoints to detention: striking a fairer balance......Page 363
Proportionality and hard-core public security detention......Page 365
Not just extreme cases: extending due process to all deprivations of liberty......Page 367
Rendering the rule of law: an outline of a statutory system of review of detention......Page 368
Detention and immigration ‘emergencies’......Page 372
Criminal sanctions as a more ‘legal’ alternative to administrative detention......Page 374
Conditional authorization and internal rights......Page 375
Conclusions......Page 377
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 380
INDEX......Page 402